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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ab</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ab_2</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ab_2" type="preposition" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ab">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ab</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑβ</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛒ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>preposition</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>from, away from, off of (with dative)</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>of (with dative)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">  See <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_ab"><ref target="#pgmc_ab">*ab</ref></mentioned> (adverb).</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ab, *af</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>av, af</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>av, af</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>aaf, aof</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>of</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ab, *af</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>av, af</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>av, af</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>af</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>af</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ab, *af</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ob, æf, af, of</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>of, off</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>of, off</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>of, off, af, aff</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ab, *af</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>af, of</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>oaw, ou</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>af, ôf</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ab, *af</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ab, av, af</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ab, av, af</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>of</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>אָפּ (op)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ab, *af</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ab, av, af</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ab, av, af</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>ab</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>ab</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ab, *af</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>af</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>af</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>af, of</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>auf</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚨᛒ (*ab)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>af</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>af</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>av</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>af</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>av</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>av</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚨᛒ (*ab)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>af</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>af, āf, aff</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>av, af</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐍆 (af)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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