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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *abjǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_abjǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="beekes2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/K7ES6IFT">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10/1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="pokorny1959" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/7PPDZBL9">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Julius</forename>
              <surname>Pokorny</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Francke Verlag</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>
              <date>1959</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_apios" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἄπιος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ápios</orth>
          </form>
          <def>far away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2epo" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂epó</orth>
          <def>off, away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ep_yeh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>h₂ep-yéh₂</orth>
          <def>that which goes off/away</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_abjo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/abjǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>abjǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑβ.jɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛒᛃᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>ebb; the receding or low tide; North Germanic reflexes show a related sense ‘mud, ooze’, probably from matter left behind by receding water</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From earlier <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*abjō</mentioned>, probably a feminine derivative of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_ab"><ref target="#pgmc_ab">*ab</ref></mentioned>, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2epo"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2epo">*h₂epó</ref></mentioned>, more specifically from a substantivized feminine <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ep_yeh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ep_yeh2">h₂ep-yéh₂</ref></mentioned>. Compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_apios"><ref target="#cog_grc_apios">ἄπιος</ref></mentioned> as the closest formal comparandum to a<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> *-yéh₂-</mentioned> derivative <bibl corresp="#beekes2010" n="116">Beekes 2010: 116</bibl> <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="70">Dunkel 2014: 70</bibl> <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="1">Orel 2003: 1</bibl> <bibl corresp="#pokorny1959" n="54">Pokorny 1959: 54</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>abjǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>abjōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>abjōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>abjōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>abjōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>abjōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>abjōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>abjōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>abjōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>abjōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>abjǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>abjōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*abbjā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*ebba</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*abbjā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ebba</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ebbe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>eb</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>eb</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*abbjā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ebba</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ebbe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ebb</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ebb, eb</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*abbjā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*ebbe, ebba</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ebe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Äbbe</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ebbe</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*abbjā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*ebbia, ebbiunga</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ebbe</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>ebbe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Ebbe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Ebbe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>ebb</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>efja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>evja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>efja</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>ave</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>evje</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>efja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>æfia</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ävja</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Samic</lang>
                  <orth>*vuopējē</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*apaja</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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