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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *abuhaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_abuhaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="derksen2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/R2NTQLL2">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Rick</forename>
              <surname>Derksen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="palmer2025" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/VACET5P4">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Indo-Slavic lexical isoglosses and the prehistoric dispersal of Indo-Iranian</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1163/9789004731851.</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Axel I.</forename>
              <surname>Palmér</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Leiden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2025</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_apo" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*apó</orth>
          <def>off, away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_apo_h3kw_o" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*apo-h₃kʷ-o-</orth>
          <def>turned away, backward-facing</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw_h3okw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃ekʷ- ~ *h₃okʷ-</orth>
          <def>to see; eye</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_apanc" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अपाञ्च्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ápāñc</orth>
          </form>
          <def>located behind</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_opak" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*ȍpakъ</orth>
          <def>backwards, reverse, opposite turned around, the other way round, inverse</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_abuhaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/abuhaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>abuhaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.βu.xɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛒᚢᚺᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>turned the wrong way; reversed, inverted</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>wrong, perverse, wicked, bad</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo_h3kw_o"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo_h3kw_o">*apo-h₃kʷ-o-</ref></mentioned>, a compound of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo">*apó</ref></mentioned> <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">+</mentioned> the compound form <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₃kʷ-</mentioned> from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw_h3okw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw_h3okw">*h₃ekʷ- ~ *h₃okʷ-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="2">Kroonen 2013: 2</bibl> <bibl corresp="#derksen2008" n="372">Derksen 2008: 372</bibl> <bibl corresp="#palmer2025" n="96">Palmér 2025: 96</bibl>. The Germanic form was remodeled internally after adjectives in <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ugaz</mentioned>, giving <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_abuhaz"><ref target="#pgmc_abuhaz">*abuhaz</ref></mentioned> beside North Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">**abugaz</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="2">Kroonen 2013: 2</bibl>. Secure cognates are Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_opak"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_opak">*ȍpakъ</ref></mentioned> and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_apanc"><ref target="#cog_san_apanc">अपाञ्च्</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#derksen2008" n="371">Derksen 2008: 371</bibl> <bibl corresp="#palmer2025" n="96">Palmér 2025: 96</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>abuhaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>abuhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>abuhą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>abuhai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>abuhôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>abuhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>abuhanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>abuhǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>abuhą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>abuhanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>abuhōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>abuhō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>abuhas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>abuhaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>abuhas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>abuhaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>abuhaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>abuhaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>abuhammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>abuhaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>abuhammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>abuhaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>abuhaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>abuhaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>abuhanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>abuhaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>abuhanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>abuhaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>abuhaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>abuhaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>abuhô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>abuhǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>abuhô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>abuhaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>abuhōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>abuhōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>abuhanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>abuhōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>abuhô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>abuhanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>abuhōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>abuhōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>abuhiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>abuhōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>abuhiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>abuhanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>abuhōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>abuhanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>abuhini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>abuhōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>abuhini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>abuhammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>abuhōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>abuhammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>abuhinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>abuhōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>abuhinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>abuhammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>abuhōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>abuhammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>abuh</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>abuh</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>ebich</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>äbich</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ǫfugr, ǫfigr, afigr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>English</lang>
                    <orth>awk</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>öfugur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>avig, avug, ovug</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>avet</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ǫfugr, ǫfigr, afigr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>avigher, avugher, avogher</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>avig, avog, avot</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌹𐌱𐌿𐌺𐍃 (ibuks)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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