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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aferô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aferô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref1997" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2GXPBSTX">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>James P.</forename>
              <surname>Mallory</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Douglas Q.</forename>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
            </editor>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers</publisher>
              <date>1997</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_apara" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>apara-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>posterior, later</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ap_ero_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*áp-ero-</orth>
          <def>posterior, later, following</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_apo" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*apó</orth>
          <def>off, away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_apara" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अपर</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ápara</orth>
          </form>
          <def>posterior, later; following, other</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_apatyam" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अपत्यम्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>apatyám</orth>
          </form>
          <def>offspring</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xlc_epre_i" xml:lang="xlc" type="cognate">
          <orth>epre/i-</orth>
          <def>rear-, later</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xld_afara_i" xml:lang="xld" type="cognate">
          <orth>afara/i-</orth>
          <def>descendant</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_afero" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aferô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aferô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.ɸe.rɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚠᛖᚱᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>offspring, descendant; by extension, a successor, literally ‘one who comes after’</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A substantivized masculine an-stem built to the same stem as <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_afera"><ref target="#pgmc_afera">*aferą</ref></mentioned>, hence literally ‘the later/following one’ <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="81">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 81</bibl>. The base continues Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ap_ero_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ap_ero_x2">*áp-ero-</ref></mentioned>, a derivative of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo">*apó</ref></mentioned>; compare Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_apara"><ref target="#cog_san_apara">अपर</ref></mentioned>, Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_apara"><ref target="#cog_ave_apara">𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀</ref></mentioned>, Lycian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_xlc_epre_i"><ref target="#cog_xlc_epre_i">epre/i-</ref></mentioned>, Lydian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_xld_afara_i"><ref target="#cog_xld_afara_i">afara/i-</ref></mentioned>, and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_apatyam"><ref target="#cog_san_apatyam">अपत्यम्</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="69">Dunkel 2014: 69</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="2">Kroonen 2013: 2</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ref1997" n="42">Mallory &amp; Adams 1997: 42</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>aferô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>aferaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>aferanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>aferanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>afiriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>aferanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>afirini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>aferammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>afirinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>aferammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>aferô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>aferaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aferō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*avaro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>aver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>aver</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aferō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>eafora, eafera</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aferō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>avaro</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂𐌰 (afara)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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