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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aferą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aferą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref1997" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2GXPBSTX">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>James P.</forename>
              <surname>Mallory</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Douglas Q.</forename>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
            </editor>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers</publisher>
              <date>1997</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_apara" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>apara-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>posterior, later</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ap_ero" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*ap-eró-</orth>
          <def>posterior, following, later</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_apo" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*apó</orth>
          <def>off, away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_apara" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अपर</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ápara</orth>
          </form>
          <def>posterior, later; following, other</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_aparam" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अपरम्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>áparam</orth>
          </form>
          <def>afterward</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_peo_apara" xml:lang="peo" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐎠𐎱𐎼</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>apara-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>behind, later</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xlc_epre_i" xml:lang="xlc" type="cognate">
          <orth>epre/i-</orth>
          <def>rear-, later</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_afera" type="adverb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aferą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aferą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.ɸe.rɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚠᛖᚱᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adverb</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>after, following, later</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*áp-ero-m</mentioned>, from the fossilized accusative/allative neuter singular of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ap_ero"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ap_ero">*ap-eró-</ref></mentioned>, a comparative/contrastive formation from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo">*apó</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="68–70">Dunkel 2014: 68–70</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="2">Kroonen 2013: 2</bibl>. Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_apara"><ref target="#cog_san_apara">अपर</ref></mentioned>, neuter adverb <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_san_aparam"><ref target="#cog_san_aparam">अपरम्</ref></mentioned>, Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_apara"><ref target="#cog_ave_apara">𐬀𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬀</ref></mentioned>, Old Persian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_peo_apara"><ref target="#cog_peo_apara">𐎠𐎱𐎼</ref></mentioned>, and comparable Anatolian forms such as Lycian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_xlc_epre_i"><ref target="#cog_xlc_epre_i">epre/i-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="68–70">Dunkel 2014: 68–70</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ref1997">Mallory &amp; Adams 1997</bibl>. The related <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_after"><ref target="#pgmc_after">*after</ref></mentioned>/<mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_aftra"><ref target="#pgmc_aftra">*aftrą</ref></mentioned> forms continue separate dental formations <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="68–70">Dunkel 2014: 68–70</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*afer</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>aber, aver, abur, avur, afur</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>aber, aver, afer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>aber</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>aber</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                          <orth>aber</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                          <orth>oaber</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*afer</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>avur, *aver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>āver, ōver, ēver</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>aver</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aur-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>aurfalr</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐍆𐌰𐍂 (afar)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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