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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aflaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aflaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="puhvel1991" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/IPFR43BG">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Hittite Etymological Dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Jaan</forename>
              <surname>Puhvel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Berlin</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Mouton de Gruyter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">3</biblScope>
              <date>1991</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="wachter1997" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U9MBUPT4">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Das indogermanische Wort für 'Sonne' und die angebliche Gruppe der l/n-Heteroklitika</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Rudolf</forename>
              <surname>Wachter</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">110</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">4–20</biblScope>
              <date>1997</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_optos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ὀπτός</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>optós</orth>
          </form>
          <def>roasted, broiled</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_ha_ap_pe_na_as_happenas_x2" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀸</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ḫa-ap-pé-na-aš /ḫappenaš/</orth>
          </form>
          <def>of the fire pit, oven; gen. sg.</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3ep" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃ep-</orth>
          <def>bake, roast</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_optao" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ὀπτάω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>optáō,</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to roast, bake</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aflaz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aflaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aflaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑɸ.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚠᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hearth; forge-hearth</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Kroonen <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="3" ana="#omit-author">2013: 3</bibl> posits the derivation from a thematicized reflex of a Proto-Indo-European amphikinetic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">l/n</mentioned>-stem <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂épōl ~ *h₂épl̥</mentioned>, genitive <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂p-n-ós</mentioned> (‘fire pit, hearth’), comparing it with Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_hit_ha_ap_pe_na_as_happenas_x2"><ref target="#cog_hit_ha_ap_pe_na_as_happenas_x2">𒄩𒀊𒁉𒈾𒀸</ref></mentioned>. But the Hittite form may alternatively belong to a separate derivative, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₃op-en-o-</mentioned> from the root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ep"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ep">*h₃ep-</ref></mentioned>, comparable with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_optos"><ref target="#cog_grc_optos">ὀπτός</ref></mentioned> and <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_optao"><ref target="#cog_grc_optao">ὀπτάω</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#puhvel1991" n="121–22">Puhvel 1991: 121–22</bibl>, in which case the direct <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">l/n</mentioned>-stem comparison is less secure. (Wachter <bibl corresp="#wachter1997" ana="#omit-author">1997</bibl> gives good reason to doubt the existence of an <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">l/n</mentioned> heteroclite class.) A substrate or technical <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">Wanderwort </mentioned>origin is also possible.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>aflaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>aflōz, aflōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>aflą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>aflanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>aflas, aflis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>aflǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>aflai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>aflamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>aflō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>aflamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>afl</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>aflōz, aflōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>afl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>alvur, alvi</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>afl</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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