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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *afteraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_afteraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_apa" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬀𐬞𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>apa</orth>
          </form>
          <def>away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_apo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀπό</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>apó</orth>
          </form>
          <def>from, away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_apotero" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀπωτέρω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>apōtérō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>farther off</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_a_ap_pa_appa" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒀀𒀊𒉺</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>a-ap-pa /āppa/</orth>
          </form>
          <def>behind; afterwards</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_apo" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*apó</orth>
          <def>off, away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ab" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>ab</orth>
          <def>from, away from, out of</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_apa" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अप</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ápa</orth>
          </form>
          <def>away, off</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_apataram" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अपतरम्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>apatarám</orth>
          </form>
          <def>further away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tero" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-tero-</orth>
          <def>contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_afteraz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/afteraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>afteraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑɸ.te.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>back, posterior; situated behind or in the rear</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*áp-tero-s</mentioned>, an adjectival/comparative formation built to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo">*apó</ref></mentioned> with the contrastive suffix <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tero"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tero">*-tero-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="79">Dunkel 2014:79: 79</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="3">Kroonen 2013:3: 3</bibl>. For the base, compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_apo"><ref target="#cog_grc_apo">ἀπό</ref></mentioned>, Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_apa"><ref target="#cog_san_apa">अप</ref></mentioned>, Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_apa"><ref target="#cog_ave_apa">𐬀𐬞𐬀</ref></mentioned>, Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_ab"><ref target="#cog_lat_ab">ab</ref></mentioned>, and Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="hit" target="#cog_hit_a_ap_pa_appa"><ref target="#cog_hit_a_ap_pa_appa">𒀀𒀊𒉺</ref></mentioned>, while the <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tero"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tero">*-tero-</ref></mentioned>derivative is paralleled by Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_apataram"><ref target="#cog_san_apataram">अपतरम्</ref></mentioned> and Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_apotero"><ref target="#cog_grc_apotero">ἀπωτέρω</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="79">Dunkel 2014: 79</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="3">Kroonen 2013: 3</bibl>. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>afteraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>afterō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>afterą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>afterai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>afterôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>afterō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>afteranǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>afterǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>afterą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>afteranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>afterōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>afterō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>afteras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>afteraizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>afteras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>afteraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>afteraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>afteraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>afterammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>afteraizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>afterammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>afteraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>afteraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>afteraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>afteranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>afteraizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>afteranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>afteraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>afteraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>afteraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>afterô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>afterǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>afterô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>afteraniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>afterōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>afterōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>afteranų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>afterōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>afterô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>afteranunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>afterōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>afterōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>afteriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>afterōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>afteriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>afteranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>afterōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>afteranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>afterini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>afterōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>afterini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>afterammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>afterōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>afterammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>afterinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>afterōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>afterinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>afterammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>afterōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>afterammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>aftaro</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>after</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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