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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aftrą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aftrą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_apo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀπό</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>apó</orth>
          </form>
          <def>from, away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_apotero" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀπωτέρω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>apōtérō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>farther off</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_a_ap_pa_appa" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒀀𒀊𒉺</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>a-ap-pa /āppa/</orth>
          </form>
          <def>behind; afterwards</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_apo" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*apó</orth>
          <def>off, away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_apa" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अप</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ápa</orth>
          </form>
          <def>away, off</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_apataram" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अपतरम्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>apatarám</orth>
          </form>
          <def>further away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tero" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-tero-</orth>
          <def>contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aftra" type="adverb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aftrą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aftrą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑɸ.trɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚠᛏᚱᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adverb</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>back, backwards; in return</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>again, once more</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ap-tró-m</mentioned>, a fossilized directional/adverbial accusative formation of Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo">*apó</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="68">Dunkel 2014: 68</bibl>. Compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_apo"><ref target="#cog_grc_apo">ἀπό</ref></mentioned>, Vedic Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_apa"><ref target="#cog_san_apa">अप</ref></mentioned> (ápa, ‘away’), and Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="hit" target="#cog_hit_a_ap_pa_appa"><ref target="#cog_hit_a_ap_pa_appa">𒀀𒀊𒉺</ref></mentioned>; related <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tero"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tero">*-tero-</ref></mentioned> derivations include Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_apataram"><ref target="#cog_san_apataram">अपतरम्</ref></mentioned> and Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_apotero"><ref target="#cog_grc_apotero">ἀπωτέρω</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="79">Dunkel 2014: 79</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aptr, aftr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>aftur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>aftur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aptr, aftr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>atter</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>att, atter</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aptr, aftr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>attær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>atter</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aptr, aftr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>āter</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>åter</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐍆𐍄𐍂𐌰 (aftra)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
