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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aftumistaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aftumistaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
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          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert D.</forename>
              <surname>Fulk</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>John Benjamins Publishing Company</publisher>
              <date>2018</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="lujan2019" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/N7QK2NWN">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">On Indo-European superlative suffixes</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Eugenio R.</forename>
              <surname>Luján</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Indogermanische Forschungen</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">124</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">305–342</biblScope>
              <date>2019</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="bookSection" xml:id="hardarson2017">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">The morphology of Germanic</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1515/9783110523874-010</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Jón Axel</forename>
              <surname>Harðarson</surname>
            </author>
            <editor>
              <forename>Jared</forename>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Brian</forename>
              <surname>Joseph</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Matthias</forename>
              <surname>Fritz</surname>
            </editor>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Handbook of comparative and historical Indo-European linguistics, vol. 2</title>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Berlin &amp; Boston</pubPlace>
              <publisher>De Gruyter Mouton</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="page">913-953</biblScope>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_is_to_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-is-tó-s</orth>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aftumistaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aftumistaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aftumistaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑɸ.tu.mis.tɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚠᛏᚢᛗᛁᛊᛏᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>last, endmost, final; especially the last member in a spatial or sequential series</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_aftumo"><ref target="#pgmc_aftumo">*aftumô</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_istaz"><ref target="#pgmc_istaz">*-istaz</ref></mentioned>, forming a reinforced or pleonastic superlative ‘last-most’ <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="318">Ringe 2017: 318</bibl> <bibl corresp="#fulk2018" n="219–20">Fulk 2018: 219–20</bibl>. The base, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_aftumo"><ref target="#pgmc_aftumo">*aftumô</ref></mentioned>, belongs to the small class of weak <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_umo"><ref target="#pgmc_umo">*-umô</ref></mentioned> adjectives built to adverbial or directional bases, ultimately continuing Proto-Indo-European<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> *-(t)m̥-o- </mentioned><bibl corresp="#lujan2019" n="312, 329">Luján 2019: 312, 329</bibl>. The suffix <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_istaz"><ref target="#pgmc_istaz">*-istaz</ref></mentioned> continues PIE <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_is_to_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_is_to_s">*-is-tó-s</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#fulk2018" n="219–20">Fulk 2018: 219–20</bibl> <bibl corresp="#hardarson2017" n="923–24">Harðarson 2017: 923–24</bibl>. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>aftumistō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>aftumistą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>aftumistai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>aftumistôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>aftumistō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>aftumistanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>aftumistǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>aftumistą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>aftumistanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>aftumistōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>aftumistō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>aftumistas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>aftumistas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>aftumistamai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>aftumistamai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>aftumistanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>aftumistanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>aftumistaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>aftumistô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>aftumistǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>aftumistô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>aftumistaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>aftumistōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>aftumistōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>aftumistanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>aftumistōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>aftumistô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>aftumistanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>aftumistōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>aftumistōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>aftumistiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>aftumistōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>aftumistiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>aftumistanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>aftumistōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>aftumistanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>aftumistini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>aftumistōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>aftumistini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>aftumistamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>aftumistōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>aftumistammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>aftumistinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>aftumistōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>aftumistinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>aftumistamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>aftumistōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>aftumistammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aftumist</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>æftemest, æftemyst, æftemost</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>aftemeste, eftemeste</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>aftermost</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌿𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (aftumists)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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