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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aftumô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aftumô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="fulk2018" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/DLDN5DUK">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert D.</forename>
              <surname>Fulk</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>John Benjamins Publishing Company</publisher>
              <date>2018</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_apo" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*apó</orth>
          <def>off, away</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tero" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-tero-</orth>
          <def>contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aftumo" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aftumô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aftumô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑɸ.tu.mɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚠᛏᚢᛗᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">an/īn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>last, latter; following, next</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From the Proto-Germanic adverbial stem <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aft-</mentioned> (‘after, behind’), extracted from <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_after"><ref target="#pgmc_after">*after</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_umo"><ref target="#pgmc_umo">*-umô</ref></mentioned>. The base is ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_apo">*apó</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tero"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tero">*-tero-</ref></mentioned>, reanalyzed as <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*apt-er</mentioned> from the original <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ap-ter</mentioned>, while <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_umo"><ref target="#pgmc_umo">*-umô</ref></mentioned> is the weak <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem continuation of PIE <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-m̥-o-</mentioned>, an extremal or absolute-superlative suffix used especially to form spatial adjectives from local adverbs <bibl corresp="#fulk2018" n="219">Fulk 2018: 219</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="318">Ringe 2017: 318</bibl>. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc">
              <orth>aftumô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem">
              <orth>aftumį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut">
              <orth>aftumô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc">
              <orth>aftumaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem">
              <orth>aftumīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut">
              <orth>aftumōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc">
              <orth>aftumanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem">
              <orth>aftumīnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut">
              <orth>aftumô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc">
              <orth>aftumanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem">
              <orth>aftumīnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut">
              <orth>aftumōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc">
              <orth>aftuminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem">
              <orth>aftumīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut">
              <orth>aftuminiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc">
              <orth>aftumanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem">
              <orth>aftumīnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut">
              <orth>aftumanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc">
              <orth>aftumini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem">
              <orth>aftumīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut">
              <orth>aftumini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc">
              <orth>aftumammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem">
              <orth>aftumīmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut">
              <orth>aftumammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc">
              <orth>aftuminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem">
              <orth>aftumīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut">
              <orth>aftuminē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc">
              <orth>aftumammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem">
              <orth>aftumīmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut">
              <orth>aftumammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐍆𐍄𐌿𐌼𐌰 (aftuma)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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