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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aglijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aglijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="koch2020" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TP2TCBZY">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">CELTO-GERMANIC Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West</title>
            <author>
              <forename>John T.</forename>
              <surname>Koch</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Canolfan Uwchefrydiau Cymreig a Cheltaidd Prifysgol Cymru</publisher>
              <date>2020</date>
              <note type="accessed">2026-07-24T20:45:04Z</note>
              <note type="url">https://www.academia.edu/44802752/CELTO_GERMANIC_Later_Prehistory_and_Post_Proto_Indo_European_vocabulary_in_the_North_and_West</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_aglo" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*aglo-</orth>
          <def>wound, affliction</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_got_agljan" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>agljan</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to hurt, injure, damage</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_eglan" xml:lang="ang" type="cognate">
          <orth>eġlan</orth>
          <def>to trouble, pain, vex, plague, ail, molest, afflict</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aglijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aglijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aglijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑɣ.li.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚷᛚᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to harm, injure, afflict; to trouble, distress, or offend</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_agluz"><ref target="#pgmc_agluz">*agluz</ref></mentioned> + -<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_i_jana"><ref target="#pgmc_i_jana">*(i)janą</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="4">Orel 2003: 4</bibl>. A recent Celto-Germanic treatment groups Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_aglaz"><ref target="#pgmc_aglaz">*aglaz</ref></mentioned><mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> ~ </mentioned>*<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">aglijana</mentioned> with Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_aglo"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_aglo">*aglo-</ref></mentioned> under a ‘wound, injure’ isogloss, glossing Gothic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_agljan"><ref target="#cog_got_agljan">𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽</ref></mentioned> as ‘treat badly, harm’ and Old English <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_eglan"><ref target="#cog_ang_eglan">eġlan</ref></mentioned> as 'to harass, afflict' <bibl corresp="#koch2020" n="98">Koch 2020: 98</bibl>. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aglijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aglijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aglijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aglīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aglijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aglī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aglijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aglijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aglīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aglijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aglijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aglijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aglijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>aglijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>aglijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>aglijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>aglijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>aglijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aglijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aglijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aglijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aglijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aglīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aglijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aglīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aglijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aglijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aglijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aglijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aglijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aglijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aglijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aglidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aglidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aglidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aglidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aglidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aglidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>aglidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>aglidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>aglidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>aglidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aglidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aglidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aglidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aglidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aglidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aglidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>aglijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>aglidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>aglijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aglijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>eġlan, eġlian, elan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>eilen, eilien, alen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ail</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>ail</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aglijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*eglan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>egelen, echelen, ekelen, eichelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>aicheln</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aglijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*eglan</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>egelen, echelen, ekelen, eichelen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>ekeln</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                          <orth>eekelen</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*egla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>egla</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌲𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (agljan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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