<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ahjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ahjaną_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="beekes2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/K7ES6IFT">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10/1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="osthoff1910" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/3FLG2HAH">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Zur Entlabialisierung der Labiovelare im Keltischen</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hermann</forename>
              <surname>Osthoff</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Indogermanische Forschungen</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">27</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">161–193</biblScope>
              <date>1910</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="rix2001" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TCS87M9Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Helmut</forename>
              <surname>Rix</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Thomas</forename>
              <surname>Zehnder</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Reiner</forename>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brigitte</forename>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Reichert</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_ossomai" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ὄσσομαι</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>óssomai</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to see with the mind's eye</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw_h3okw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃ekʷ- ~ *h₃okʷ-</orth>
          <def>to see; eye</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_kw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*kʷ</orth>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3kw_ye_o" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃kʷ-yé/o-</orth>
          <def>to see</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ahjana_1" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ahjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ahjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑx.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚺᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to think; to suppose, assume</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Traditionally derived from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw_h3okw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw_h3okw">*h₃ekʷ- ~ *h₃okʷ-</ref></mentioned> (‘to see; eye’). Osthoff <bibl corresp="#osthoff1910" n="175" ana="#omit-author">1910: 175</bibl> compares Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_ossomai"><ref target="#cog_grc_ossomai">ὄσσομαι</ref></mentioned> &lt; PIE y-present <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3kw_ye_o"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3kw_ye_o">*h₃kʷ-yé/o-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#beekes2010" n="1118">Beekes 2010: 1118</bibl> <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="297">Rix et al. 2001: 297</bibl>, which is semantically attractive. Formally the comparison is less secure: PIE <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_kw">*kʷ</ref></mentioned> normally left some trace of the labial in Proto-Germanic in similar environments. Another possible derivation is from a verb meaning ‘to graze, feed’, via the same semantic route as English “ruminate” (‘chew cud’ → ‘ponder’). But Kroonen’s <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="6" ana="#omit-author">2013: 6</bibl> preferred reconstruction of the grazing verb as <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aiwijaną</mentioned> makes a connection unlikely.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ahjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ahjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ahjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>ahjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>ahjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ahjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ahjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ahjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ahjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ahjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ahjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ahjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ahidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ahidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>ahidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>ahidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>ahidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>ahidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ahidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ahidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>ahjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>ahidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>ahjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 (ahjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
