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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ahjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ahjaną_2</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="pokorny1959" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/7PPDZBL9">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Julius</forename>
              <surname>Pokorny</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Francke Verlag</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>
              <date>1959</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="rix2001" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TCS87M9Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Helmut</forename>
              <surname>Rix</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Thomas</forename>
              <surname>Zehnder</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Reiner</forename>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brigitte</forename>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Reichert</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ekh3" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂eḱh₃-</orth>
          <def>to eat</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_asnati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अश्नाति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>aśnā́ti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>eats</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_asayati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>आशयति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>āśayati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>causes/lets eat, feeds</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ahjana_2" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ahjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ahjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑx.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚺᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to stop on a journey to rest and eat; transitively, to let horses or other animals rest and graze/feed</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain; probably not a securely reconstructible pan-Germanic verb. The traditional derivation is from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ekh3"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ekh3">*h₂eḱh₃-</ref></mentioned>, with possible comparanda Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_asnati"><ref target="#cog_san_asnati">अश्नाति</ref></mentioned> and the causative <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_san_asayati"><ref target="#cog_san_asayati">आशयति</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#pokorny1959" n="18">Pokorny 1959: 18</bibl> <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="261–62">Rix et al. 2001: 261–62</bibl>. A PIE causative <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">**h₂oḱh₃-éye/o-</mentioned>would normally have suffixal accent and would be expected to give Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">**agjaną</mentioned> by Verner’s Law; thus the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-h-</mentioned> of <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_ahjana"><ref target="#pgmc_ahjana">*ahjaną</ref></mentioned> requires either root-accent, analogical restoration, or a denominal renewal <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="262 n. 4">Rix et al. 2001: 262 n. 4</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ahjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ahjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>ahjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>ahjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ahjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ahjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>ahjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ahjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ahjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ahjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ahjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ahjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ahidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ahidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ahidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ahidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>ahidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>ahidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>ahidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>ahidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ahidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ahidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ahidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ahidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>ahjaną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>ahjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>ahidaz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>æja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>æja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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