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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ahtō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ahtō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2011a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Y6TMIYYV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Proto-Germanic n-Stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Rodopi</publisher>
              <date>2011a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lloyd1988" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/ACDVS4LZ">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch [Old High German dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Albert L.</forename>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Otto</forename>
              <surname>Springer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">Vols. 1–5</biblScope>
              <date>1988</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw_h3okw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃ekʷ- ~ *h₃okʷ-</orth>
          <def>to see; eye</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ahto" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic/ahtu">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ahtō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑx.tɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚺᛏᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>consideration, deliberation; attention, regard</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. Possibly from pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₃okʷ-t-eh₂</mentioned>, a nominal<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> t</mentioned>-extension to Proto-Indo-European root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw_h3okw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3ekw_h3okw">*h₃ekʷ- ~ *h₃okʷ-</ref></mentioned>. Closely related to <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_ahjana"><ref target="#pgmc_ahjana">*ahjaną</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2011a" n="93">Kroonen 2011a: 93</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="7">Kroonen 2013: 7</bibl> <bibl corresp="#lloyd1988" n="117">Lloyd &amp; Springer 1988: 117</bibl>. The velar delabialization before <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-t-</mentioned> is regular <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="113">Ringe 2017: 113</bibl>. There are no secure direct Indo-European cognates. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>ahtō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>ahtôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>ahtǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>ahtōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>ahtōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>ahtǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>ahtōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>ahtōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>ahtō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>ahtōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>ahtō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>ahtôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ahtu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ahta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>achte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>acht</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>ag</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ahtu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>eaht, æht</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>aught, aut</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>aught</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>aucht, aught</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ahtu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ahta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ahte</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Acht</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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