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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aibraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aibraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="wodtko2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2NHD8WYN">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Dagmar S.</forename>
              <surname>Wodtko</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Britta</forename>
              <surname>Irslinger</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Carolin</forename>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_oy_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*óy-</orth>
          <def>one, single, alone</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_bher_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*bʰer-</orth>
          <def>to bear, carry</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_aibrumas" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>aibrùmas</orth>
          <def>salivation, water in the mouth</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xto_ewar" xml:lang="xto" type="cognate">
          <orth>ewär</orth>
          <def>wild</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aibraz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aibraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aibraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑi̯.βrɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛁᛒᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>sharp, bitter</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>vehement, dire</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>violent</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain, but possibly from Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*oy-bʰr-ó</mentioned>-s<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> </mentioned>from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_oy_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_oy_x2">*óy-</ref></mentioned> + the zero-grade of the root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bher_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_bher_x2">*bʰer-</ref></mentioned> + thematic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ó- </mentioned>with a meaning like ‘alone-bearing’ or ‘carrying/keeping to itself’ <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="587–88">Dunkel 2014: 587–88</bibl> <bibl corresp="#wodtko2008" n="16">Wodtko et al. 2008: 16</bibl>. Possible comparanda are Tocharian A <mentioned xml:lang="xto" target="#cog_xto_ewar"><ref target="#cog_xto_ewar">ewär</ref></mentioned> and dialectal Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_aibrumas"><ref target="#cog_lit_aibrumas">aibrùmas</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#wodtko2008" n="21 n. 16">Wodtko et al. 2008: 21 n. 16</bibl>, perhaps from an earlier sense ‘bitterness, astringency’. Dunkel <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="587–88" ana="#omit-author">2014: 587–88</bibl> analyzes the word with a semantic path ‘isolated, alone’ → ‘wild, unruly’ → ‘harsh, fierce’. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>aibraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>aibrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>aibrą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>aibrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>aibrôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>aibrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>aibranǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>aibrǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>aibrą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>aibranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>aibrōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>aibrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>aibras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>aibraizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>aibras, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>aibraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>aibraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>aibraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>aibrammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>aibraizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>aibrammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>aibraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>aibraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>aibraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>aibranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>aibraizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>aibranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>aibraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>aibraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>aibraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>aibrô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>aibrǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>aibrô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>aibraniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>aibrōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>aibrōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>aibranų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>aibrōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>aibrô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>aibranunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>aibrōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>aibrōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>aibriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>aibrōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>aibriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>aibranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>aibrōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>aibranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>aibrini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>aibrōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>aibrini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>aibrammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>aibrōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>aibrammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>aibrinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>aibrōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>aibrinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>aibrammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>aibrōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>aibrammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aibr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ābor, āfor</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>eibar, eivar, eifar, aipar, eipar, eiber, eiver, eifir</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aibr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*āver</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>aver</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>æfr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>æfur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌰𐌹𐍆𐍂𐍃 (*aifrs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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