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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aikulaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aikulaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="rix2001" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TCS87M9Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Helmut</forename>
              <surname>Rix</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Thomas</forename>
              <surname>Zehnder</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Reiner</forename>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brigitte</forename>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Reichert</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ejati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>एजति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>éjati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to move, stir, flutter</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2eyg_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂eyg-</orth>
          <def>to stir, set in motion</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aikulaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aikulaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aikulaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑi̯.ku.lɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛁᚲᚢᛚᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>frightened, terrified, overcome with fear</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>excited, agitated, trembling</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂oyǵ-u-ló-s </mentioned>or a similar Proto-Germanic remodeling: an adjectival formation based on Proto-Indo-European<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> *h₂oyǵ-e/o-</mentioned>, the o-grade of root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eyg_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eyg_x2">*h₂eyg-</ref></mentioned>, with the semantic development ‘agitated, violently moved’ → ‘excited, trembling’ → ‘frightened, terrified’ <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="10">Kroonen 2013: 10</bibl> <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="222–23">Rix et al. 2001: 222–23</bibl>. Compare Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ejati"><ref target="#cog_san_ejati">एजति</ref></mentioned>. Related to <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_aikijana"><ref target="#pgmc_aikijana">*aikijaną</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>aikulaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>aikulō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>aikulą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>aikulai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>aikulôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>aikulō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>aikulanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>aikulǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>aikulą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>aikulanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>aikulōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>aikulō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>aikulas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>aikulaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>aikulas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>aikulaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>aikulaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>aikulaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>aikulammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>aikulaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>aikulammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>aikulaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>aikulaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>aikulaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>aikulanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>aikulaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>aikulanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>aikulaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>aikulaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>aikulaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>aikulô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>aikulǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>aikulô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>aikulaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>aikulōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>aikulōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>aikulanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>aikulōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>aikulô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>aikulanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>aikulōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>aikulōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>aikuliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>aikulōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>aikuliniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>aikulanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>aikulōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>aikulanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>aikulini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>aikulōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>aikulini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>aikulammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>aikulōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>aikulammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>aikulinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>aikulōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>aikulinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>aikulammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>aikulōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>aikulammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>acol, acul</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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