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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ainagaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ainagaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
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          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Wortschatz der germanischen Spracheinheit, 4th edn.</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Alf</forename>
              <surname>Torp</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Göttingen</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">3</biblScope>
              <date>1909</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref1997" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2GXPBSTX">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>James P.</forename>
              <surname>Mallory</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Douglas Q.</forename>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
            </editor>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers</publisher>
              <date>1997</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref1996" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/7ASJBYL8">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Oxford dictionary of English etymology</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>Charles T.</forename>
              <surname>Onions</surname>
            </editor>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford Univ. Press</publisher>
              <date>1996</date>
              <note>ISBN: 978-0-19-861112-7</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="de_vaan2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/D3FJ3Q59">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michiel</forename>
              <surname>de Vaan</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="klein2017">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Jared</forename>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brian</forename>
              <surname>Joseph</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Matthias</forename>
              <surname>Fritz</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Berlin/Boston</pubPlace>
              <publisher>De Gruyter Mouton</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1oy_no_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁óy-no-s</orth>
          <def>one, single</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1oyno_ko_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁oyno-kó-s</orth>
          <def>single, unique</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_ko_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-ko-s</orth>
          <def type="function">forms deadjectival and desubstantival adjectives denoting the characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_unicus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>ūnicus</orth>
          <def>only, sole, unique</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_unus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>ūnus</orth>
          <def>one, alone</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_icus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>-icus</orth>
          <def>of or pertaining to; belonging to; derived from; connected with: -ic, -ish</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ainagaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ainagaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ainagaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑi̯.nɑ.ɣɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛁᚾᚨᚷᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>only, sole; singular, unique</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1oyno_ko_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1oyno_ko_s">*h₁oyno-kó-s</ref></mentioned>, a derivative of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1oy_no_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1oy_no_s">*h₁óy-no-s</ref></mentioned> with the adjectival suffix <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ko_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_ko_s">*-ko-s</ref></mentioned> <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> </mentioned><bibl corresp="#klein2017" n="777–78">Klein et al. 2017: 777–78</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="s.v. *aina-">Kroonen 2013: s.v. *aina-</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="229, 318">Ringe 2017: 229, 318</bibl>. Within Proto-Germanic it was reanalyzed as <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_ainaz"><ref target="#pgmc_ainaz">*ainaz</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-agaz</mentioned> /<mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_gaz"><ref target="#pgmc_gaz">*-gaz</ref></mentioned>, with <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-g-</mentioned> reflecting Verner voicing of suffixal <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-k-</mentioned> in an originally suffix-accented formation. Compare Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_unicus"><ref target="#cog_lat_unicus">ūnicus</ref></mentioned> ( &lt; <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_unus"><ref target="#cog_lat_unus">ūnus</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_icus"><ref target="#cog_lat_icus">-icus</ref></mentioned>), a close Italic parallel from the same <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1oy_no_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1oy_no_s">*h₁óy-no-s</ref></mentioned> base <bibl corresp="#de_vaan2008" n="s.v. ūnus">de Vaan 2008: s.v. ūnus</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ref1909" n="11">Torp 1909: 11</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ref1997" n="398–99">Mallory &amp; Adams 1997: 398–99</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ref1996" n="s.v. any">Onions 1996: s.v. any</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>ainagaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>ainagō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>ainagą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>ainagai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>ainagôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>ainagō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>ainaganǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>ainagǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>ainagą, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>ainaganz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>ainagōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>ainagō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>ainagas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>ainagaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>ainagas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>ainagaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>ainagaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>ainagaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>ainagammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>ainagaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>ainagammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>ainagaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>ainagaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>ainagaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>ainaganō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>ainagaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>ainaganō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>ainagaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>ainagaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>ainagaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>ainagô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>ainagǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>ainagô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>ainaganiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>ainagōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>ainagōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>ainaganų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>ainagōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>ainagô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>ainaganunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>ainagōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>ainagōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>ainaginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>ainagōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>ainaginiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>ainaganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>ainagōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>ainaganǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>ainagini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>ainagōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>ainagini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>ainagammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>ainagōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>ainagammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>ainaginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>ainagōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>ainaginē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>ainagammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>ainagōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>ainagammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ainag, *ainīg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ēnag, *einag, einigh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>enech</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>enig</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>enig</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ainag, *ainīg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>*āneġ, ǣneġ, āniġ, ǣniġ, āni, ānga, ǣnga, ēnga, ǣnġe</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>aniȝ, eani, ony, eny, any</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>any</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>eny, ony, onie</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ainag, *ainīg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ēnig, ēnich, *ānig, ēng, āng</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>enig</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ienich</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ainag, *ainīg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>einag, einac, einīg</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>eineg, einec, einic</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>einig</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ainag, *ainīg</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ēnag, ēnig</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ênich</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>enig</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>enig</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>enig</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>einga, einigr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>einigur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>einigur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>einga, einigr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>enigh</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>enig</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌹𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍃 (ainahs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*ainaga</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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