<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *airi</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_airi</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_aiiar" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬆</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>aiiarə</orth>
          </form>
          <def>day</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_eri" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἦρι</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>êri</orth>
          </form>
          <def>early in the morning</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2eyeri" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂éyeri</orth>
          <def>in the morning</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ey_r_h2ey_en" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂éy-r̥ ~ *h₂éy-en</orth>
          <def>day/daybreak</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_airi" type="adverb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/airi">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>airi</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑi̯.ri</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛁᚱᛁ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adverb</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>early</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ajiri</mentioned> (with loss of intervocalic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*j</mentioned> and contraction to <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ai</mentioned>), from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eyeri"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eyeri">*h₂éyeri</ref></mentioned>, ultimately from a temporal adverb formed from the locative of an old <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">r/n</mentioned>-stem <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ey_r_h2ey_en"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ey_r_h2ey_en">*h₂éy-r̥ ~ *h₂éy-en</ref></mentioned>. Compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_eri"><ref target="#cog_grc_eri">ἦρι</ref></mentioned> and Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_aiiar"><ref target="#cog_ave_aiiar">𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬆</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="258">Dunkel 2014: 258</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="s.v. *airi-">Kroonen 2013: s.v. *airi-</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*airi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ēr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>êer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>ieër</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*airi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ēr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>êer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>eer</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>eer</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*airi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ǣr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>er</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ere</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>air</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*airi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ēr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>eer, ädder</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*airi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ēr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>ier</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                        <orth>eardat, ear't</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*airi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ēr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ēr, ē</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>eher, ehe, eh</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*airi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ēr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>êr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>ehr</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Low German</lang>
                          <orth>ehrdat, ehrder, ehrtieds</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ár, áðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>áður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ár, áður</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>år</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>*ar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ár, áðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>árla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>árla</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>árla</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>årle, årla</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ár, áðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>árla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>årle</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>årle</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ár, áðr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>árla</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>aarla, arla</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>arla</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌹𐍂 (air)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
