<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *airizô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_airizô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="meier_brugger2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/WRVX4CAY">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Indo-European linguistics (Charles Gertmenian, Trans.; in cooperation with Matthias Fritz &amp; Manfred Mayrhofer)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michael</forename>
              <surname>Meier-Brügger</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_aiiar" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬆</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>aiiarə</orth>
          </form>
          <def>day</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_eri" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἦρι</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>êri</orth>
          </form>
          <def>early in the morning</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2eyeri" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂éyeri</orth>
          <def>in the morning</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_yos_is" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-yos- ~ *-is-</orth>
          <def type="function">derives adjectives meaning ‘exceptionally X’</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ey_r_h2ey_en" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂éy-r̥ ~ *h₂éy-en</orth>
          <def>day/daybreak</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_airizo" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/airizô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>airizô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑi̯.ri.zɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛁᚱᛁᛉᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">an/īn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>earlier; preceding in time; former</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From the temporal adverb <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_airi"><ref target="#pgmc_airi">*airi</ref></mentioned> + the comparative suffix <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_izo"><ref target="#pgmc_izo">*-izô</ref></mentioned>. Unlike an ordinary adjectival comparative, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*airizô</mentioned> was formed directly to an adverb and had no corresponding positive adjective; such independently formed comparatives are inherited relics of an older Indo-European system <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="317–18">Ringe 2017: 317–18</bibl>. The base <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_airi"><ref target="#pgmc_airi">*airi</ref></mentioned> continues Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eyeri"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eyeri">*h₂éyeri</ref></mentioned>, probably a temporal adverb formed from the locative of an old <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">r/n</mentioned>-stem <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ey_r_h2ey_en"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ey_r_h2ey_en">*h₂éy-r̥ ~ *h₂éy-en</ref></mentioned>. Compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_eri"><ref target="#cog_grc_eri">ἦρι</ref></mentioned> and Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_aiiar"><ref target="#cog_ave_aiiar">𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬭𐬆</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="258">Dunkel 2014: 258</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="s.v. *airi-">Kroonen 2013: s.v. *airi-</bibl>. The suffix reflects the zero grade <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-is-</mentioned> of the Proto-Indo-European comparative or elative suffix <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_yos_is"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_yos_is">*-yos- ~ *-is-</ref></mentioned>, followed by Germanic weak <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem inflection <bibl corresp="#meier_brugger2003" n="220–21">Meier-Brügger 2003: 220–21</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="315–18">Ringe 2017: 315–18</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <note type="Usage note">
            <head>Usage Note</head>
            <p>There is no existing positive degree for this word; instead, there are various adjectival formations used to express it. It has a weak declension only.</p>
          </note>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #sg #masc">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #sg #fem">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #sg #neut">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #pl #masc">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #pl #fem">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #pl #neut">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #sg #masc">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #sg #fem">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #sg #neut">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #pl #masc">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #pl #fem">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #pl #neut">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #sg #masc">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #sg #fem">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #sg #neut">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #pl #masc">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #pl #fem">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #pl #neut">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #sg #masc">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #sg #fem">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #sg #neut">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #pl #masc">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #pl #fem">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #pl #neut">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #sg #masc">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #sg #fem">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #sg #neut">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #pl #masc">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #pl #fem">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #pl #neut">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #nom #sg #masc">
              <orth>airizô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #nom #sg #fem">
              <orth>airizį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #nom #sg #neut">
              <orth>airizô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #nom #pl #masc">
              <orth>airizaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #nom #pl #fem">
              <orth>airizīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #nom #pl #neut">
              <orth>airizōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #acc #sg #masc">
              <orth>airizanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #acc #sg #fem">
              <orth>airizīnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #acc #sg #neut">
              <orth>airizô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #acc #pl #masc">
              <orth>airizô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #acc #pl #fem">
              <orth>airizanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #acc #pl #neut">
              <orth>airizīnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #gen #sg #masc">
              <orth>airizōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #gen #sg #fem">
              <orth>airiziniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #gen #sg #neut">
              <orth>airizīniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #gen #pl #masc">
              <orth>airiziniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #gen #pl #fem">
              <orth>airizanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #gen #pl #neut">
              <orth>airizīnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #dat #sg #masc">
              <orth>airizini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #dat #sg #fem">
              <orth>airizīni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #dat #sg #neut">
              <orth>airizini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #dat #pl #masc">
              <orth>airizammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #dat #pl #fem">
              <orth>airizīmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #dat #pl #neut">
              <orth>airizammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #instr #sg #masc">
              <orth>airizinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #instr #sg #fem">
              <orth>airizīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #instr #sg #neut">
              <orth>airizīnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #instr #pl #masc">
              <orth>airizammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #instr #pl #fem">
              <orth>airizīmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#weak #instr #pl #neut">
              <orth>airizammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*airiʀō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ēriro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>eerre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>eerder</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>eerder</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*airiʀō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ǣrra</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ærre, eror, erore</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*airiʀō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>earder</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*airiʀō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>êrer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ehrder</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*airiʀō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ēriro, ēroro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ērer</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>eher</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐌶𐌰 (airiza)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
