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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aisōną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aisōną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/CN7I4HU6">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological dictionary of the Iranian verb</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>Johnny</forename>
              <surname>Cheung</surname>
            </editor>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Leiden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2007</date>
              <note>ISBN: 978-90-04-15496-4 978-90-474-1153-6</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="rix2001" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TCS87M9Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Helmut</forename>
              <surname>Rix</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Thomas</forename>
              <surname>Zehnder</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Reiner</forename>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brigitte</forename>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Reichert</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_aesma" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬨𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>aēšma</orth>
          </form>
          <def>wrath, fury</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ira" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>īra</orth>
          <def>anger, wrath</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_esayati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>एषयति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>eṣáyati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>impels, drives, sends</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1eysh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁eysh₂-</orth>
          <def>to strengthen, propel</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aisona" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aisōną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aisōną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑi̯.sɔː.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛁᛊᛟᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 2</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to rush, dash forward; move or drive violently</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Early Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aisōjanan</mentioned>, from Proto-Indo-European<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> *h₁oysh₂-eh₂-yé/ó-</mentioned>, a denominative or factitive formation ultimately based on the o-grade of root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1eysh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1eysh2">*h₁eysh₂-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="13–14">Kroonen 2013: 13–14</bibl>. The same root is reflected in Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="ave" target="#cog_ave_aesma"><ref target="#cog_ave_aesma">𐬀𐬉𐬱𐬨𐬀</ref></mentioned>, probably from <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₁oys-mo-</mentioned>, and Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_ira"><ref target="#cog_lat_ira">īra</ref></mentioned>, from <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₁éysh₂-eh₂</mentioned>, whose emotional meanings developed from the notion of violent impulse or agitation; compare also Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_esayati"><ref target="#cog_san_esayati">एषयति</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#ref2010" n="159">Cheung 2010: 159</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="13–14">Kroonen 2013: 13–14</bibl> <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="234">Rix et al. 2001: 234</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aisō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aisǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aisōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aisōsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aisōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aisō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aisōsai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aisōsau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aisōþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aisō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aisōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aisōþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aisōþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>aisōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>aisōw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>aisōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>aisōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>aisōþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aisōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aisōm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aisōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aisōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aisōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aisōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aisōþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aisōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aisōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aisōnþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aisōn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aisōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aisōnþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aisōnþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aisōdǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>aisōdēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aisōdēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>aisōdēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aisōdē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>aisōdēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>aisōdēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>aisōdēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>aisōdēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>aisōdēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aisōdēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>aisōdēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aisōdēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>aisōdēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aisōdēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>aisōdēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>aisōndz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>aisōdaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>aisōną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eisa</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>eisa</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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