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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aitrą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aitrą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="beekes2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/K7ES6IFT">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10/1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lloyd1988" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/ACDVS4LZ">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch [Old High German dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Albert L.</forename>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Otto</forename>
              <surname>Springer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">Vols. 1–5</biblScope>
              <date>1988</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="martirosyan2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/EDNDBVND">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 8)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hrach</forename>
              <surname>Martirosyan</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="matasovic2018" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Z9EGLR6L">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Proto-Slavic *ędro 'kernel, core' and *ědro 'bosom'</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Ranko</forename>
              <surname>Matasović</surname>
            </author>
            <editor>
              <forename>Petra</forename>
              <surname>Košutar</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Mislav</forename>
              <surname>Kovačić</surname>
            </editor>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Od dvojbe do razdvojbe. Zbornik radova u čast profesorici Branki Tafri</title>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Zagreb</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Ibis</publisher>
              <date>2018</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_chu_jadra" xml:lang="chu" type="cognate">
          <orth>ꙗдра</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>jadra</orth>
          </form>
          <def>bosom, breast; embrace; plural</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_oideo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>οἰδέω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>oidéō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to swell</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_oidos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>οἶδος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>oîdos</orth>
          </form>
          <def>swelling, tumor</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_aemidus" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>aemidus</orth>
          <def>swollen</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2eyd" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂eyd-</orth>
          <def>to swell</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xcl_aytnum_x2" xml:lang="xcl" type="cognate">
          <orth>այտնում</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>aytnum</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to swell</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aitra" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aitrą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aitrą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑi̯.trɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛁᛏᚱᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>poison, especially venom</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>pus; purulent matter</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂óyd-ro-m</mentioned>, a neuter <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">-ro-</mentioned> formation from the o-grade of root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eyd"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eyd">*h₂eyd-</ref></mentioned>. The original sense was probably ‘fluid discharged from a swelling or ulcer’, whence both ‘pus’ and, through its association with harmful bodily or animal secretions, ‘poison, venom’ <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="14–15">Kroonen 2013: 14–15</bibl> <bibl corresp="#lloyd1988" n="s.v. eitar">Lloyd &amp; Springer 1988: s.v. eitar</bibl>. Cognate in formation with Old Church Slavonic <mentioned xml:lang="chu" target="#cog_chu_jadra"><ref target="#cog_chu_jadra">ꙗдра</ref></mentioned>, and related at the root level to Old Armenian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_xcl_aytnum_x2"><ref target="#cog_xcl_aytnum_x2">այտնում</ref></mentioned>, Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_oideo"><ref target="#cog_grc_oideo">οἰδέω</ref></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_oidos"><ref target="#cog_grc_oidos">οἶδος</ref></mentioned>, and Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_aemidus"><ref target="#cog_lat_aemidus">aemidus</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#beekes2010" n="1053–54">Beekes 2010: 1053–54</bibl> <bibl corresp="#martirosyan2010" n="61, 706">Martirosyan 2010: 61, 706</bibl> <bibl corresp="#matasovic2018">Matasović 2018</bibl> <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="10">Orel 2003: 10</bibl>. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>aitrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>aitrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>aitrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>aitrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>aitras, aitris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>aitrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>aitrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>aitramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>aitrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>aitramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>aitrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>aitrō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aitr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ētar, *ēttar, eitir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>etter, atter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>etter, atter</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aitr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ātor, āttor, ǣtor, ǣttor</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>atter, attere, attir, attre, atture, attyr, attyre, atterr</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>atter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>atter, etter</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aitr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>āter, ater, ātter, atter</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Atter</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>etter</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aitr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>eitar, eittar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>eiter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Eiter</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Eeter</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aitr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ēttor, ēttar, eitir</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>etter</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Etter, Atter</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eitr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>ietter</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>eitur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>eitur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eitr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>eiter, eitr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>eiter</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eitr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ētær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>edder</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>edder</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eitr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ēter</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>etter</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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