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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aiwiskaz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aiwiskaz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_iskos" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-iskos</orth>
          <def>characteristic of, typical of, pertaining to</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_an_ehas" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अनेहस्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>an-ehás</orth>
          </form>
          <def>flawless, irreproachable; unrivalled</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2eygwh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂eygʷʰ-</orth>
          <def>to be defective or blameworthy</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aiwiskaz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aiwiskaz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aiwiskaz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑi̯.wis.kɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛁᚹᛁᛊᚲᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>shameful, disgraceful; blameworthy</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂eygʷʰ-isko-s</mentioned>, formed from a poorly attested root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eygwh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eygwh">*h₂eygʷʰ-</ref></mentioned> with the relational-adjectival suffix <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_iskos"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_iskos">*-iskos</ref></mentioned>. The root is otherwise supported mainly by Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_an_ehas"><ref target="#cog_san_an_ehas">अनेहस्</ref></mentioned> &lt; <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*n̥-h₂eygʷʰ-os-</mentioned>, literally ‘without fault’; both the reconstruction and its precise meaning remain somewhat uncertain <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="16">Kroonen 2013: 16</bibl>. </seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>aiwiską, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskanǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>aiwiską, -atō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskanz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskas, -is</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaizō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #strong">
              <orth>aiwiskaimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #masc #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #fem #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom #neut #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #masc #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #fem #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc #neut #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #masc #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #fem #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen #neut #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #masc #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #fem #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat #neut #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #masc #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #fem #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr #neut #weak">
              <orth>aiwiskammiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>āwisċ, ǣwisċ, ēawisċ</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>*ēwisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>êsch, eisch</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Low German</lang>
                      <orth>aiwisk, eisk, aisch</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*ēwisk</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>eisch</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌰𐌹𐍅𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (*aiwisks)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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