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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *akaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_akaną_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="rix2001" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TCS87M9Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Helmut</forename>
              <surname>Rix</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Thomas</forename>
              <surname>Zehnder</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Reiner</forename>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brigitte</forename>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Reichert</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="seebold1970" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/9HKTRG39">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Vergleichendes und etymologisches Wörterbuch der germanischen starken Verben (Janua Linguarum)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Elmar</forename>
              <surname>Seebold</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Series Practica</title>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Mouton</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">85</biblScope>
              <date>1970</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_ago" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἄγω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ágō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>direct, drive, lead, draw, go</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2eg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂eǵ-</orth>
          <def>to drive</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ago" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>agō</orth>
          <def>drive, lead, do</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ajati" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अजति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ájati</orth>
          </form>
          <def>he drives</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_akana_1" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/akaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>akaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to drive or travel in a vehicle; by extension, to sail or navigate</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European thematic present <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂éǵ-e/o-</mentioned>, from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eg">*h₂eǵ-</ref></mentioned>. Cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_ago"><ref target="#cog_grc_ago">ἄγω</ref></mentioned>, Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_ago"><ref target="#cog_lat_ago">agō</ref></mentioned>, and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ajati"><ref target="#cog_san_ajati">अजति</ref></mentioned>; the specifically nautical meanings developed within North Germanic from the broader sense ‘drive, convey, travel by vehicle’ <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="18">Kroonen 2013: 18</bibl> <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="11">Orel 2003: 11</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="275">Ringe 2017: 275</bibl> <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="255–56">Rix et al. 2001: 255–56</bibl> <bibl corresp="#seebold1970" n="74">Seebold 1970: 74</bibl>. This verb is North Germanic only, with borrowings from Old Norse into English and Scots.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>akō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>akaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>akai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>akizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>akaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ak</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>akazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>akaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>akidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>akai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>akadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>akadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>akaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>akōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>akaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>akadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>akaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>akadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>akamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>akaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>akandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>akaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>akid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>akaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>akid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>akandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>akaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>akandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>akain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>akandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>akandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>akaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ōk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>ōkį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ōht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>ōkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ōk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>ōkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>ōkū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>ōkīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>ōkudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>ōkīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ōkum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>ōkīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ōkud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>ōkīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ōkun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>ōkīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>akandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>akanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>akaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>English</lang>
                    <orth>aik</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>aka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>aka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Scots</lang>
                    <orth>oag, hoag, aik</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>ake, åke</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>aka, ake</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>akæ</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>age</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>aka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>aka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>åka</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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