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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *akraną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_akraną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
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          <analytic>
            <title level="a">European Prehistory between Celtic and Germanic: The Celto-Germanic Isoglosses Revisited</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1017/9781009261753.018</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Paulus</forename>
              <surname>van Sluis</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Anders Richardt</forename>
              <surname>Jørgensen</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <editor>
              <forename>Kristian</forename>
              <surname>Kristiansen</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Eske</forename>
              <surname>Willerslev</surname>
            </editor>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited</title>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="page">193-244</biblScope>
              <date>2023</date>
              <note type="accessed">2026-07-31T23:07:59Z</note>
              <note type="url">https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009261753%23CN-bp-13/type/book_part</note>
              <note>ISBN: 978-1-009-26175-3 978-1-009-26174-6 978-1-009-26172-2</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="matasovic2009" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/B5HK3DUW">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 9)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Ranko</forename>
              <surname>Matasović</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2009a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="pronk2015" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/3VW7IXUY">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Singulative n-stems in Indo-European</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1111/1467-968X.12058</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Tijmen</forename>
              <surname>Pronk</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Transactions of the Philological Society, 113</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">113</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">3</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">327-348</biblScope>
              <date>2015</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_aeron" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>aeron</orth>
          <def>berries</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2egros" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂éǵros</orth>
          <def>field, pasture, land</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lav_oga" xml:lang="lav" type="cognate">
          <orth>oga</orth>
          <def>berry</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_uoga" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>úoga</orth>
          <def>berry</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_agoda" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*agoda</orth>
          <def>berry</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_txb_oko" xml:lang="txb" type="cognate">
          <orth>oko</orth>
          <def>fruit</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2eg_r_h2og_r" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*h₂eǵ-r- ~ *h₂og-r-</orth>
          <def>berry</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_cel-x-proto_agrona" xml:lang="cel-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*agronā</orth>
          <def>berries</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_akrana" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/akraną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>akraną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑk.rɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚲᚱᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>fruit of a tree, especially a nut or other mast such as an acorn</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From an Indo-European formation <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂eǵ-r-on-o-m </mentioned>or <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂og-r-on-o-m</mentioned>, containing a poorly understood base <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eg_r_h2og_r"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eg_r_h2og_r">*h₂eǵ-r- ~ *h₂og-r-</ref></mentioned> and the suffix <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-on-o</mentioned>-, possibly made up of the individualizing suffix <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-on-</mentioned> enlarged by thematic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-o- </mentioned><bibl corresp="#pronk2015">Pronk 2015</bibl>. The base may be related to Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2egros"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2egros">*h₂éǵros</ref></mentioned>. The formation may originally have denoted an individual fruit or berry. Cognate with Proto-Celtic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_cel-x-proto_agrona"><ref target="#cog_cel-x-proto_agrona">*agronā</ref></mentioned>, reflected in Welsh <mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_aeron"><ref target="#cog_cym_aeron">aeron</ref></mentioned>; the Celtic form probably represents a collective in <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-on-eh₂</mentioned>. Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="lit" target="#cog_lit_uoga"><ref target="#cog_lit_uoga">úoga</ref></mentioned>, Latvian <mentioned xml:lang="lav" target="#cog_lav_oga"><ref target="#cog_lav_oga">oga</ref></mentioned>, Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="sla-x-proto" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_agoda"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_agoda">*agoda</ref></mentioned>, and Tocharian B <mentioned xml:lang="txb" target="#cog_txb_oko"><ref target="#cog_txb_oko">oko</ref></mentioned> may contain the same root, though they represent different formations and their precise relationship is disputed <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="18–19">Kroonen 2013: 18–19</bibl> <bibl corresp="#matasovic2009" n="27–28">Matasović 2009a: 27–28</bibl> <bibl corresp="#van_sluis2023" n="215">van Sluis et al. 2023: 215</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>akraną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>akranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>akraną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>akranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>akranas, akranis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>akranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>akranai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>akranamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>akranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>akranamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>akraną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>akranō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*akarn, *akran, *akrun, akrin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*akeran</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>aecker, aker</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>aker</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>akker</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*akarn, *akran, *akrun, akrin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>æcern, æceran, æceren, æcirn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>acorn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>acorn</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>aicorn</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*akarn, *akran, *akrun, akrin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>*akern</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Äkkene</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>aker</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*akarn, *akran, *akrun, akrin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>*akeran, *ekerin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ackeran, eckeren, eckern, ecker</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Ackeran, Ecker</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*akarn, *akran, *akrun, akrin</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*akeran, *ekerin</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ākeren, ackeren, ēkeren, eckeren</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Ecker</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>eckeren</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>akarn</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>agern</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>akarn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>akarn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>åkorn</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>akarn</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌽 (akran)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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