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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *akraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_akraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="beekes2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/K7ES6IFT">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10/1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="wodtko2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2NHD8WYN">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Dagmar S.</forename>
              <surname>Wodtko</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Britta</forename>
              <surname>Irslinger</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Carolin</forename>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="blogPost" xml:id="university_of_pennsylvania2017">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">ePSD2 Project</title>
            <author>
              <surname>Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (ePSD2)</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Philadelphia</pubPlace>
              <publisher>University of Pennsylvania</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_agros" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀγρός</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>agrós</orth>
          </form>
          <def>field, countryside</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2eg" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂eǵ-</orth>
          <def>to drive</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2egros" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂éǵros</orth>
          <def>field, pasture, land</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ager" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>ager</orth>
          <def>field, land, territory</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ajra" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अज्र</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ájra</orth>
          </form>
          <def>plain, open space, field</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_gmy_a_ko_ro" xml:lang="gmy" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐀀𐀒𐀫</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>a-ko-ro</orth>
          </form>
          <def>field</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xcl_art" xml:lang="xcl" type="cognate">
          <orth>արտ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>art</orth>
          </form>
          <def>field</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sux_a_gar" xml:lang="sux" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒀀𒃼</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>a-gar</orth>
          </form>
          <def>meadow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_akraz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/akraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>akraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑk.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚲᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a field or tract of open land, especially land used for cultivation or grazing</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2egros"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2egros">*h₂éǵros</ref></mentioned>. Cognate with Mycenaean Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_gmy_a_ko_ro"><ref target="#cog_gmy_a_ko_ro">𐀀𐀒𐀫</ref></mentioned>, Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_agros"><ref target="#cog_grc_agros">ἀγρός</ref></mentioned>, Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_ager"><ref target="#cog_lat_ager">ager</ref></mentioned>, Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ajra"><ref target="#cog_san_ajra">अज्र</ref></mentioned>, and Classical Armenian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_xcl_art"><ref target="#cog_xcl_art">արտ</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#beekes2010" n="16">Beekes 2010: 16</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="18">Kroonen 2013: 18</bibl> <bibl corresp="#wodtko2008" n="268">Wodtko et al. 2008: 268</bibl>. The noun is often connected with PIE root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eg"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2eg">*h₂eǵ-</ref></mentioned>, perhaps originally denoting open land onto which livestock were driven, but the semantic derivation is uncertain. An alternative analysis regards <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2egros"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2egros">*h₂éǵros</ref></mentioned> as a culture word of uncertain ultimate origin, possibly related to similar words for cultivated or open land in neighboring non-Indo-European languages <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="18">Kroonen 2013: 18</bibl> <bibl corresp="#wodtko2008" n="268">Wodtko et al. 2008: 268</bibl>. Compare Sumerian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_sux_a_gar"><ref target="#cog_sux_a_gar">𒀀𒃼</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#university_of_pennsylvania2017" n="s.v. 𒀀𒃼 (a-gar)">Electronic Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary (ePSD2) 2017: s.v. 𒀀𒃼 (a-gar)</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>akraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>akrōz, akrōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>akrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>akranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>akras, akris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>akrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>akrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>akramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>akrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>akramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>akr</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>akrōz, akrōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*akr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>accar, ackar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>acker</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>akker</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>akker</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*akr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>æcer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>aker, acre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>acre, aker, acer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*akr, *akkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>æcer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>aker, acre</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>acre, acker, ackre, accre, aacre, awker, yicker</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*akr, *akkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ekker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>Äkker</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>eker, ikker</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*akr, *akkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ackar, akkar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>acker</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Acker</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>אַקער (aker)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*akr, *akkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ackar, akkar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>acker</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>Aker</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*akr, *akkr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>akkar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>acker</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Acker</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Aka</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>akr, ákr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>akur</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>akur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>akr, ákr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>åker, åkur, åkr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>åker</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>akr, ákr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>akær</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Danish</lang>
                      <orth>ager</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>aker</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>akr, ákr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>aker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>åker</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌺𐍂𐍃 (akrs)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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