<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *alasnō</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_alasnō</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref1997" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2GXPBSTX">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>James P.</forename>
              <surname>Mallory</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Douglas Q.</forename>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
            </editor>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers</publisher>
              <date>1997</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ara" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>आरा</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ā́rā</orth>
          </form>
          <def>awl</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_alasno" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/alasnō">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>alasnō</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.lɑs.nɔː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛚᚨᛊᚾᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ō-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>awl; a pointed tool used for piercing leather or similar materials</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From the derivational stem of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_alaz"><ref target="#pgmc_alaz">*alaz</ref></mentioned>, with an instrument suffix <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-asnō- </mentioned><bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="19–20">Kroonen 2013: 19–20</bibl>. The base <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_alaz"><ref target="#pgmc_alaz">*alaz</ref></mentioned> is ultimately related to <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_elo"><ref target="#pgmc_elo">*ēlō</ref></mentioned> and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ara"><ref target="#cog_san_ara">आरा</ref></mentioned>, but its precise Proto-Indo-European formation is uncertain: Kroonen tentatively reconstructs <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₁oh₁-ló-</mentioned> and derives <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto" target="#pgmc_elo"><ref target="#pgmc_elo">*ēlō</ref></mentioned> and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ara"><ref target="#cog_san_ara">आरा</ref></mentioned>from <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₁éh₁l-éh₂-</mentioned>, while Mallory and Adams give the more general reconstruction <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*hₓólehₐ-</mentioned> (‘awl’, in standard laryngeal notation: <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*Hóleh₂-</mentioned>) <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="19–20">Kroonen 2013: 19–20</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ref1997" n="37">Mallory &amp; Adams 1997: 37</bibl>. The formative <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-asnō- </mentioned>ultimately reflects PIE <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-es-neh₂ ~ *-os-neh₂</mentioned>, with <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-s-</mentioned> originating in an<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> s</mentioned>-extended root or an <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">s</mentioned>-stem; formations of this type mainly produced feminine concrete nouns in Germanic <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="§96">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: §96</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>alasnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>alasnôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>alasnǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>alasnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>alasnōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>alasnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>alasnōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>alasnōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>alasnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>alasnōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>alasnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>alasnôz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*alasnu, *alisnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*alsina</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>elsne, elsene, elsen, alsene</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>els, elase</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*alasnu, *alisnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*alsina</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>elsne, elsene, elsen, alsene</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle English</lang>
                        <orth>elsen, elsyn, elson, alsene</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>English</lang>
                          <orth>elsin, elsen</orth>
                        </form>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Scots</lang>
                          <orth>elsin, elsing, elson</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*alasnu, *alisnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>alansa, alesna</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>*alesne, *elnse</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Alesne, Alse, Else</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*alasnu, *alisnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*alansa</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>alse, elase, elasene</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*alasnu, *alisnu</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Vulgar Latin</lang>
                    <orth>*alisna, *lexina</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌰𐌻𐌹𐍃𐌽𐌰 (*alisna)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
