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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *alatjaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_alatjaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ref1909" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2RIDUKW3">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Wortschatz der germanischen Spracheinheit, 4th edn.</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Alf</forename>
              <surname>Torp</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Göttingen</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">3</biblScope>
              <date>1909</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="pokorny1959" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/7PPDZBL9">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Julius</forename>
              <surname>Pokorny</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Francke Verlag</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>
              <date>1959</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="rix2001" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TCS87M9Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Helmut</forename>
              <surname>Rix</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Thomas</forename>
              <surname>Zehnder</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Reiner</forename>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brigitte</forename>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Reichert</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="de_vries1977" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MIN5YP8Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Jan</forename>
              <surname>de Vries</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1977</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_elauno" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἐλαύνω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>elaúnō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to drive, set in motion; go</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1elh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁elh₂-</orth>
          <def>to drive somewhere</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_alatjana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/alatjaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>alatjaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.lɑt.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛚᚨᛏᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to drive, urge on, chase, pursue</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>to knead, work by pressing</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Possibly from an intensive or iterative formation based on Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1elh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1elh2">*h₁elh₂-</ref></mentioned>, probably through a pre-Germanic verbal stem <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ala-</mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_atjana"><ref target="#pgmc_atjana">*-atjaną</ref></mentioned>. If this is the case, then cognate with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="grc" target="#cog_grc_elauno"><ref target="#cog_grc_elauno">ἐλαύνω</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#de_vries1977" n="s.v. elta">de Vries 1977: s.v. elta</bibl> <bibl corresp="#pokorny1959" n="307">Pokorny 1959: 307</bibl> <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="235">Rix et al. 2001: 235</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ref1909" n="20">Torp 1909: 20</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>alatjō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>alatjaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>alatjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>alatisi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>alatjais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>alati</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>alatjasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>alatjaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>alatiþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>alatjai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>alatjaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>alatjaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>alatjaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>alatjōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>alatjaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>alatjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>alatjaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>alatjaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>alatjamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>alatjaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>alatjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>alatjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>alatiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>alatjaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>alatiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>alatjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>alatjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>alatjanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>alatjain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>alatjanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>alatjanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>alatjainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>alastǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>alastēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>alastēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>alastēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>alastē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>alastēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>alastēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>alastēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>alastēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>alastēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>alastēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>alastēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>alastēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>alastēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>alastēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>alastēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>alatjandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>alatidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>alatjaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>elta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>elta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>elta</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>elta</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>elta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ælte</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>elte</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>elta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>elten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>elt</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scots</lang>
                      <orth>elt</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>elta</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ælta</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>älta</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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