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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aldǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aldǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
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      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="derksen2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/R2NTQLL2">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 4)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Rick</forename>
              <surname>Derksen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="derksen2015" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/BW5GUN9K">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 13)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Rick</forename>
              <surname>Derksen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2015</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="mallory2006">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</title>
            <author>
              <forename>J. P.</forename>
              <surname>Mallory</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>D. Q.</forename>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2006</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="adams2013">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged. 2nd ed.</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Douglas Q.</forename>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Amsterdam/New York</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Rodopi</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="witczak2018">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">O kilku możliwych śladach duale tantum w językach indoeuropejskich.</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Krzysztof Tomasz</forename>
              <surname>Witczak</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">LingVaria 13(2)</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">47–60</biblScope>
              <date>2018</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_hxoldh" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*Hₓoldʰ-</orth>
          <def>hollowed-out trough, vessel; (dugout) canoe</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_hxoldhu" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*Hₓoldʰu-</orth>
          <def>(dugout) canoe, trough</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_eldija" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>eldijà</orth>
          <def>hollowed-out tree trunk, canoe</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_aldija" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>aldijà</orth>
          <def>hollowed-out tree trunk, canoe</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sla-x-proto_oldi_x2" xml:lang="sla-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*oldi</orth>
          <def>boat</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xto_olyi" xml:lang="xto" type="cognate">
          <orth>olyi</orth>
          <def>boat, ship</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aldo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aldǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aldǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑl.dɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛚᛞᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a trough or similar hollowed-out wooden vessel; a hollow in a tree or log</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*Holdʰ-éh₂-(n)-</mentioned>, an inherited feminine formation from Proto-Indo-European root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hxoldh"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hxoldh">*Hₓoldʰ-</ref></mentioned>, beside a <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">u</mentioned>-stem <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hxoldhu"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_hxoldhu">*Hₓoldʰu-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="21">Kroonen 2013: 21</bibl> <bibl corresp="#mallory2006" n="249">Mallory &amp; Adams 2006: 249</bibl> <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="14">Orel 2003: 14</bibl>. Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lit_eldija"><ref target="#cog_lit_eldija">eldijà</ref></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lit_aldija"><ref target="#cog_lit_aldija">aldijà</ref></mentioned> and Proto-Slavic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_sla-x-proto_oldi_x2"><ref target="#cog_sla-x-proto_oldi_x2">*oldi</ref></mentioned>, which continue a closely related Balto-Slavic formation conventionally reconstructed as<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> *h₂oldʰeh₂ ~ *h₂eldʰeh₂ </mentioned><bibl corresp="#derksen2008" n="367">Derksen 2008: 367</bibl> <bibl corresp="#derksen2015" n="152">Derksen 2015: 152</bibl>. The semantic development reflects the close association between a hollowed log or wooden trough and a dugout boat. Tocharian A/B <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_xto_olyi"><ref target="#cog_xto_olyi">olyi</ref></mentioned> has also been compared, but its inclusion is uncertain because its consonantism appears to require PIE <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*d</mentioned> rather than the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*dʰ</mentioned> indicated by Balto-Slavic <bibl corresp="#adams2013" n="s.v. olyi*">Adams 2013: s.v. olyi*</bibl> <bibl corresp="#witczak2018" n="53–55">Witczak 2018: 53–55</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>aldǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>aldōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>aldōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>aldōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>aldōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>aldōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>aldōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>aldōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>aldōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>aldōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>aldǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>aldōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*aldā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                    <orth>Alden</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ealdoþ, aldaht, aldot</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <orth>Proto-Norse</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                    <orth>*alto</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>alda</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>alda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>alda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>aalde, olde</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>olda</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ålle, ålla</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*aldas</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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