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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *aljaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aljaną_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="beekes2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/K7ES6IFT">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10/1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kloekhorst2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6CLAD8LI">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Alwin</forename>
              <surname>Kloekhorst</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="de_vaan2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/D3FJ3Q59">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michiel</forename>
              <surname>de Vaan</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_halai_i_ha_la_a_i_hali_ha_li" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒄩 𒆷 𒀀 𒄿  / 𒄩 𒇷</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ḫalai-i /ḫa-la-a-i/, ḫali- /ḫa-li/</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to set in motion</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_iallo" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἰάλλω</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>iállō</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to send forth, stretch out</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_sel_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*sel-</orth>
          <def>jump, spring</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_alacer" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>alacer</orth>
          <def>lively, active</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ambulare" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>ambulāre</orth>
          <def>to walk about</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2elh2_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂elh₂-</orth>
          <def>to wander, roam</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_aljana_1" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/aljaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>aljaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑl.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛚᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>zeal, eagerness</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>strength, courage</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Of uncertain origin. Kroonen analyzes the noun as a neuter formation in <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ana-</mentioned> and compares Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_hit_halai_i_ha_la_a_i_hali_ha_li"><ref target="#cog_hit_halai_i_ha_la_a_i_hali_ha_li">𒄩 𒆷 𒀀 𒄿  / 𒄩 𒇷</ref></mentioned> &lt; Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂l-oi-/*h₂l-i- </mentioned><bibl corresp="#kloekhorst2008" n="271">Kloekhorst 2008: 271</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="23">Kroonen 2013: 23</bibl>. His further comparison with Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_iallo"><ref target="#cog_grc_iallo">ἰάλλω</ref></mentioned> is doubtful, since Beekes <bibl corresp="#beekes2010" n="572" ana="#omit-author">2010: 572</bibl> instead derives the Greek verb from PIE <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sel_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_sel_x2">*sel-</ref></mentioned>. An older comparison with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_alacer"><ref target="#cog_lat_alacer">alacer</ref></mentioned> is also uncertain, but de Vaan <bibl corresp="#de_vaan2008" n="32" ana="#omit-author">2008: 32</bibl> concedes that the noun could be from the root underlying Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_ambulare"><ref target="#cog_lat_ambulare">ambulāre</ref></mentioned> &lt; PIE <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2elh2_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2elh2_x2">*h₂elh₂-</ref></mentioned>, thereby possibly connecting it with the Hittite word.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>aljaną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>aljanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>aljaną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>aljanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>aljanas, aljanis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>aljanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>aljanai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>aljanamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>aljanō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>aljanamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>aljaną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>aljanō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*alljan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ellen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>ellen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>ellen, elne</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*alljan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ellan, eillan, ellian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ellen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*alljan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ellian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ellen, ellent</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>eljan, eljun</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>eljan, eljun, elja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 (aljan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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