<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *alkǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_alkǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kluge1899" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/ZBBKKDW4">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Nominale Stammbildungslehre der altgermanischen Dialekte</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Friedrich</forename>
              <surname>Kluge</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Max Niemayer</publisher>
              <date>1899</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="pokorny1959" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/7PPDZBL9">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Julius</forename>
              <surname>Pokorny</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Francke Verlag</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">I</biblScope>
              <date>1959</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="de_vries1977" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MIN5YP8Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Altnordisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Jan</forename>
              <surname>de Vries</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1977</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_cym_alarch" xml:lang="cym" type="cognate">
          <orth>alarch</orth>
          <def>swan</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_olor" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>olor</orth>
          <def>swan</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_elu" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>elu</orth>
          <def>swan</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_alko" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/alkǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>alkǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑl.kɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛚᚲᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a kind of sea bird, auk</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from a western Indo-European water-bird stem <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₁el-/*h₁ol-</mentioned>, with a velar animal-name formant; compare Welsh<mentioned xml:lang="cym" target="#cog_cym_alarch"><ref target="#cog_cym_alarch">alarch</ref></mentioned>, Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_sga_elu"><ref target="#cog_sga_elu">elu</ref></mentioned>, and Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_olor"><ref target="#cog_lat_olor">olor</ref></mentioned>. Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-k-</mentioned> belongs to a formant particularly frequent in Germanic bird names, as also <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_habukaz"><ref target="#pgmc_habukaz">*habukaz</ref></mentioned> and <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_falko"><ref target="#pgmc_falko">*falkô</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#de_vries1977" n="6, s.v. alka">de Vries 1977: 6, s.v. alka</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kluge1899" n="31 §61b">Kluge 1899: 31 §61b</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="s.v. *alkōn-">Kroonen 2013: s.v. *alkōn-</bibl> <bibl corresp="#pokorny1959" n="303–304, s.v. el-">Pokorny 1959: 303–304, s.v. el-</bibl>. The deeper Indo-European connection remains somewhat uncertain.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>alkǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>alkōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>alkōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>alkōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>alkōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>alkōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>alkōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>alkōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>alkōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>alkōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>alkǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>alkōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>alka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>alke</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>alke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>alka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>álka</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>alke, alka, ålke</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>alka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>álka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>auk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>alka</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>alka</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>alk</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Alk</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
