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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *amalą</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_amalą</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="beekes2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/K7ES6IFT">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10/1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="rix2001" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TCS87M9Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Helmut</forename>
              <surname>Rix</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Thomas</forename>
              <surname>Zehnder</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Reiner</forename>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brigitte</forename>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Reichert</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="meineke2010">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Die Ortsnamen des Kreises Lippe. Westfälisches Ortsnamenbuch 2</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Birgit</forename>
              <surname>Meineke</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Bielefeld</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Verlag für Regionalgeschichte</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="schramm2013">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Zweigliedrige Personennamen der Germanen: Ein Bildetyp als gebrochener Widerschein früher Heldenlieder. Ergänzungsbände zum Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 82</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Gottfried</forename>
              <surname>Schramm</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Berlin &amp; Boston</pubPlace>
              <publisher>De Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="obrador_cursach2021">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">The closing formula of the Old Phrygian epitaph B-07 in the light of the Aramaic KAI 318: A case of textual convergence in Daskyleion</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Bartomeu</forename>
              <surname>Obrador-Cursach</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Anatolian Studies 71</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">47–58</biblScope>
              <date>2021</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3emh3" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃emh₃-</orth>
          <def>to grab, grasp, seize, take hold, tackle, touch</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_amiti" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अमीति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>amīti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>seizes; swears</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_ama" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬀𐬨𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ama-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>power, force</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_omnumi" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ὄμνυμι</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ómnumi</orth>
          </form>
          <def>swear</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xpg_umnotan" xml:lang="xpg" type="cognate">
          <orth>umnotan</orth>
          <def>I adjure you</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_amo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>amō</orth>
          <def>to love</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_non_aml" xml:lang="non" type="reflex">
          <orth>aml</orth>
          <def>eager, vehement</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_amala" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/amalą">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>amalą</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.mɑ.lɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛗᚨᛚᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>hard work, toil, struggle; laborious or persistent exertion.</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Uncertain. The relationship of the onomastic stem <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">Amal-</mentioned> to shorter <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">am-/ama-</mentioned> is uncertain. Kaufmann analyzes <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">Amal-</mentioned> (beside <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">Amul-, Amil-</mentioned>) as an extension of the name stem <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">am-</mentioned>, while allowing that <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">am-</mentioned> could instead be a secondary shortening of older <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">amal-</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#meineke2010" n="25, citing Kaufmann 1968: 31–32">Meineke 2010: 25, citing Kaufmann 1968: 31–32</bibl>. Schramm <bibl corresp="#schramm2013" n="136" ana="#omit-author">2013: 136</bibl> instead regards <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">Amala-</mentioned> as probably primary, comparing Old Norse <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_non_aml"><ref target="#cog_non_aml">aml</ref></mentioned>. The base may ultimately continue Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="ine-x-proto" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3emh3"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3emh3">*h₃emh₃-</ref></mentioned>, cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_san_amiti"><ref target="#cog_san_amiti">अमीति</ref></mentioned>, Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ave_ama"><ref target="#cog_ave_ama">𐬀𐬨𐬀</ref></mentioned>, Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_omnumi"><ref target="#cog_grc_omnumi">ὄμνυμι</ref></mentioned>, and Phrygian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_xpg_umnotan"><ref target="#cog_xpg_umnotan">umnotan</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#beekes2010" n="1078">Beekes 2010: 1078</bibl> <bibl corresp="#obrador_cursach2021" n="53">Obrador-Cursach 2021: 53</bibl>. LIV² alternatively reconstructs <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂emh₃-</mentioned>, chiefly on account of the disputed comparison with Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_amo"><ref target="#cog_lat_amo">amō</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="265–66">Rix et al. 2001: 265–66</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>amalą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>amalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>amalą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>amalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>amalas, amalis</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>amalǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>amalai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>amalamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>amalō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>amalamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>amalą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>amalō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>Amalunc, Amelunc</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*aml</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>aml</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>aml, ammel, ambel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*amla</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>amla</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norn</lang>
                    <orth>aml, ammel, ambel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻 (*amal)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <orth>*𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 (*amalareiks)</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Portuguese</lang>
                      <orth>Amalarico</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Spanish</lang>
                      <orth>Amalarico</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>*𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌻 (*amal)</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Latin</lang>
                    <orth>Amali</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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