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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *amazô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_amazô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kluge1989" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TU3YZC3Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Friedrich</forename>
              <surname>Kluge</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Elmar</forename>
              <surname>Seebold</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1989</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lloyd1988" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/ACDVS4LZ">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch [Old High German dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Albert L.</forename>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Otto</forename>
              <surname>Springer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">Vols. 1–5</biblScope>
              <date>1988</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_goh_amar" xml:lang="goh" type="reflex">
          <orth>amar</orth>
          <def>spelt</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_goh_amaro" xml:lang="goh" type="reflex">
          <orth>amaro</orth>
          <def>bunting, yellowhammer</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_amazo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/amazô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>amazô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.mɑ.zɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛗᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>a bunting, probably the yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably a secondary <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem ultimately derived from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_amraz"><ref target="#pgmc_amraz">*amraz</ref></mentioned>, traditionally explained as a shortening of an earlier compound ‘emmer bird’, referring to the bird's feeding on grain; compare Old High German <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_goh_amaro"><ref target="#cog_goh_amaro">amaro</ref></mentioned>, explicitly an <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem beside <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_goh_amar"><ref target="#cog_goh_amar">amar</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kluge1989" n="s.v. Ammer">Kluge &amp; Seebold 1989: s.v. Ammer</bibl> <bibl corresp="#lloyd1988" n="s.v. amaro¹">Lloyd &amp; Springer 1988: s.v. amaro¹</bibl>. Alternatively, Kroonen reconstructs *<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">amazan-</mentioned> (‘bunting’) as an independent Germanic bird name <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="24">Kroonen 2013: 24</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #sg">
              <orth>amazô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #pl">
              <orth>amazaniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #sg">
              <orth>amazanų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #pl">
              <orth>amazanunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #sg">
              <orth>amaziniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #pl">
              <orth>amazanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #sg">
              <orth>amazini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #pl">
              <orth>amazammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #sg">
              <orth>amazinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #pl">
              <orth>amazammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #sg">
              <orth>amazô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #pl">
              <orth>amazaniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>amor, omer</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle English</lang>
                    <orth>emer, emere</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>English</lang>
                      <orth>ammer</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>amar, amor, amur</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>amar, amarling, amaring, amarzo, amerzo, amirzo</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>amer, amerlinc, amerinc, emer, emerlinc, emberiz</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Ammer, Emmer, Emmerling, Emmering, Emmeritz, Emmeritze</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Medieval Latin</lang>
                      <orth>amera, amarellus, ameringa, merlus, emberiza</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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