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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ammǭ</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ammǭ</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="beekes2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/K7ES6IFT">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10/1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="hansen2018" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/G6AK4WCN">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Nursery words and hypocorisms among Germanic kinship terms</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1075/nowele.00011.han</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Bjarne Simmelkjær Sandgaard</forename>
              <surname>Hansen</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">NOWELE. North-Western European Language Evolution</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">71</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">176-183</biblScope>
              <date>2018</date>
              <note type="accessed">2026-08-01T15:39:16Z</note>
              <note type="url">http://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/nowele.00011.han</note>
              <note>ISSN: 0108-8416, 2212-9715</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="de_vaan2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/D3FJ3Q59">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michiel</forename>
              <surname>de Vaan</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_amma" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀμμά</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ammá</orth>
          </form>
          <def>mother</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_ammia" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀμμία</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ammía</orth>
          </form>
          <def>mother, nurse</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_amma" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>amma</orth>
          <def>mother</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_osc_ammai" xml:lang="osc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ammai</orth>
          <def>mother (dat. sg.)</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sq_ame_x2" xml:lang="sq" type="cognate">
          <orth>amë</orth>
          <def>mother</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ammo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ammǭ">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ammǭ</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑm.mɔ̃ː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛗᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ōn-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>grandmother; a parent’s mother</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>wet nurse, nurse</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="3">
            <def>mother; especially as an affectionate or nursery term</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A nursery word or hypocorism (<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">Lallwort</mentioned>), ultimately imitative rather than derived from a Proto-Indo-European lexical root. The word belongs to a widespread Indo-European nursery word type characterized by labial nasals, and reduplicative or geminate structure; compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_amma"><ref target="#cog_grc_amma">ἀμμά</ref></mentioned> , <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_ammia"><ref target="#cog_grc_ammia">ἀμμία</ref></mentioned>, Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_amma"><ref target="#cog_lat_amma">amma</ref></mentioned>, Oscan <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_osc_ammai"><ref target="#cog_osc_ammai">ammai</ref></mentioned>, and Albanian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_sq_ame_x2"><ref target="#cog_sq_ame_x2">amë</ref></mentioned>. De Vaan <bibl corresp="#de_vaan2008" n="38–39" ana="#omit-author">2008: 38–39</bibl> formally reconstructs <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂em(m)-h₂</mentioned> for the Italic and comparable forms, but the variable gemination and the propensity of <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">amma</mentioned>-type words to arise independently in child language make a regular PIE lexical reconstruction uncertain; the forms are better regarded as inherited and/or recurrent parallel nursery formations rather than secure cognates in the strict comparative sense. <bibl corresp="#beekes2010" n="88, s.v. ἀμμά">Beekes 2010: 88, s.v. ἀμμά</bibl> <bibl corresp="#hansen2018" n="177">Hansen 2018: 177</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>ammǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>ammōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>ammōnų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>ammōnunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>ammōniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>ammōnǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>ammōni</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>ammōmaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>ammōnē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>ammōmiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>ammǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>ammōniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ammā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*amma</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>amme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>amme, am</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ammā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>amma</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>amme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Amme, Oma</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ammā</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*amma</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>amme</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Ooma</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>amma</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>amme</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>omma</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>amma</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>amma</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>amma</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>amma</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>amma</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>amma</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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