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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *amraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_amraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lloyd1988" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/ACDVS4LZ">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch [Old High German dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Albert L.</forename>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Otto</forename>
              <surname>Springer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">Vols. 1–5</biblScope>
              <date>1988</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_amulon" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἄμυλον</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ámulon</orth>
          </form>
          <def>starch, gruel, meal</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_amylum" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>amylum</orth>
          <def>starch, fine flour</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_goh_amar" xml:lang="goh" type="reflex">
          <orth>amar</orth>
          <def>spelt</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_gml_amerkorn" xml:lang="gml" type="cognate">
          <orth>āmerkorn</orth>
          <def>spelt</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_amraz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/amraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>amraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑm.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛗᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>emmer, spelt; fine flour or starch made from it</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Etymology uncertain. Possibly related historically to Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_amylum"><ref target="#cog_lat_amylum">amylum</ref></mentioned>, borrowed from Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_amulon"><ref target="#cog_grc_amulon">ἄμυλον</ref></mentioned>, though the direction and nature of the relationship are uncertain. The Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">-r-</mentioned> is supported by Old High German <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_goh_amar"><ref target="#cog_goh_amar">amar</ref></mentioned> and Middle Low German <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_gml_amerkorn"><ref target="#cog_gml_amerkorn">āmerkorn</ref></mentioned>; later Germanic forms with <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">-l-</mentioned> and umlaut may reflect contamination with Late Latin <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">amilum</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#lloyd1988" n="s.v. amar">Lloyd &amp; Springer 1988: s.v. amar</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #sg">
              <orth>amraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #pl">
              <orth>amrōz, amrōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #sg">
              <orth>amrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #pl">
              <orth>amranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #sg">
              <orth>amras, amris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #pl">
              <orth>amrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #sg">
              <orth>amrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #pl">
              <orth>amramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #sg">
              <orth>amrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #pl">
              <orth>amramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #sg">
              <orth>amr</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #pl">
              <orth>amrōz, amrōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>*amal, amar, amari</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>amel, amelkorn, amer, amerkorn, emer, emerkorn</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Amelkorn, Amelmehl, Ammer, Emmer, Merkorn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>emmer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>amar, amarkorn, amer, amur</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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