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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ana-</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ana</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="de_vaan2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/D3FJ3Q59">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michiel</forename>
              <surname>de Vaan</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2en_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂en-</orth>
          <def>on, onto</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_iir-x-proto_hana" xml:lang="iir-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*Haná</orth>
          <def>on, onto</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ave_ana" xml:lang="ave" type="cognate">
          <orth>𐬀𐬥𐬀</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ana</orth>
          </form>
          <def>over, onto</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_ana_x2" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀνά</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>aná</orth>
          </form>
          <def>up, on</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_itc-x-proto_ana_x2" xml:lang="itc-x-proto" type="cognate">
          <orth>*ana</orth>
          <def>up</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ana_x3" type="prefix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ana-">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ana-</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑ.nɑ</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>prefix</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>on, onto; against, along, up (used especially as a preverb and first member of compounds)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European  <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2en_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2en_x2">*h₂en-</ref></mentioned>, probably extended by the directional/local particle <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-o</mentioned> to form <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂en-o ~ *h₂en-ó</mentioned>, or alternatively from <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂en-h̥₂</mentioned>, with vocalization of final <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h̥₂</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="26">Kroonen 2013: 26</bibl>. Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ana-</mentioned> preserves the older full form that was reduced to <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_an"><ref target="#pgmc_an">*an</ref></mentioned> in independent use. Cognate with Proto-Indo-Iranian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_iir-x-proto_hana"><ref target="#cog_iir-x-proto_hana">*Haná</ref></mentioned>, continued by Avestan <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ave_ana"><ref target="#cog_ave_ana">𐬀𐬥𐬀</ref></mentioned>, as well as Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_ana_x2"><ref target="#cog_grc_ana_x2">ἀνά</ref></mentioned>  and Proto-Italic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_itc-x-proto_ana_x2"><ref target="#cog_itc-x-proto_ana_x2">*ana</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#de_vaan2008" n="36">de Vaan 2008: 36</bibl> <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="50–54">Dunkel 2014: 50–54</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ana-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ana-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>aan-</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ana-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>an-, on-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>on-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>on-, an-, a-</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ana-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>an-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>an-</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>oan-</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ana-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ana-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ane-, an-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>an-</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ana-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ana-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>ane-</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>an-</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>á-</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>á-</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌽𐌰- (ana-)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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