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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *andasakaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_andasakaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_got_andsakan_x2" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>andsakan</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to speak against, oppose, dispute</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_got_andsakanai" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>andsakanai</orth>
          </form>
          <def>being spoken against, contradicted</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_antilegomenon" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἀντιλεγόμενον (‘being spoken against, contradicted’</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>antilegómenon</orth>
          </form>
          <def>being spoken against, contradicted</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_osx_andsakan" xml:lang="osx" type="reflex">
          <orth>andsakan</orth>
          <def>deny, dispute</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_onsacan" xml:lang="ang" type="reflex">
          <orth>onsacan</orth>
          <def>oppose, deny, refute</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_seh2g_x2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*seh₂g-</orth>
          <def>to trace, follow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_andasakana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/andasakaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>andasakaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˌɑn.dɑ.ˈsɑ.kɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᛞᚨᛊᚨᚲᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Strong class 6</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to speak against, contradict; refute, deny</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_anda"><ref target="#pgmc_anda">*anda-</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_sakana"><ref target="#pgmc_sakana">*sakaną</ref></mentioned>. The compound is securely supported by Gothic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_andsakan_x2"><ref target="#cog_got_andsakan_x2">𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽</ref></mentioned>, attested in the participle <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_andsakanai"><ref target="#cog_got_andsakanai">𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌹</ref></mentioned> translating Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_antilegomenon"><ref target="#cog_grc_antilegomenon">ἀντιλέγειν</ref></mentioned>, and by Old Saxon <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_osx_andsakan"><ref target="#cog_osx_andsakan">andsakan</ref></mentioned> and Old English <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_onsacan"><ref target="#cog_ang_onsacan">onsacan</ref></mentioned>. The literal sense is therefore ‘dispute/speak against’, with straightforward development to ‘contradict, refute, deny’. The base <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_sakana"><ref target="#pgmc_sakana">*sakaną</ref></mentioned> ultimately continues Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_seh2g_x2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_seh2g_x2">*seh₂g-</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>andasakō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>andasakaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>andasakai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>andasakizi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>andasakaiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>andasak</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>andasakazai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>andasakaizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>andasakidi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>andasakai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>andasakadau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>andasakadai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>andasakaidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>andasakōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>andasakaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>andasakadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>andasakaidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>andasakadiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>andasakamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>andasakaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>andasakandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>andasakaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>andasakid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>andasakaid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>andasakid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>andasakandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>andasakaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>andasakandi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>andasakain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>andasakandau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>andasakandai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>andasakaindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>andasōk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>andasōkį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>andasōht</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>andasōkīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>andasōk</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>andasōkī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>andasōkū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>andasōkīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>andasōkudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>andasōkīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>andasōkum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>andasōkīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>andasōkud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>andasōkīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>andasōkun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>andasōkīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>andasakandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>andasakanaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>andasakaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*andasakan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>onsacan</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>andsakan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌽 (andsakan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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