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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *andiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_andiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="meier_brugger2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/WRVX4CAY">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Indo-European linguistics (Charles Gertmenian, Trans.; in cooperation with Matthias Fritz &amp; Manfred Mayrhofer)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michael</forename>
              <surname>Meier-Brügger</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ent" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂ent-</orth>
          <def>face; forehead; front</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_yos_is" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-yos- ~ *-is-</orth>
          <def type="function">derives adjectives meaning ‘exceptionally X’</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_magis" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>magis</orth>
          <def>more</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_andiz" type="adverb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/andiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>andiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑn.diz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᛞᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adverb</pos>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>earlier</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>formerly</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂ent-is</mentioned>, an adverbial comparative built to <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ent"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ent">*h₂ent-</ref></mentioned> with <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-is</mentioned>, the zero-grade of the inherited comparative/elative suffix <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_yos_is"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_yos_is">*-yos- ~ *-is-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="27">Kroonen 2013: 27</bibl> <bibl corresp="#meier_brugger2003" n="219–22">Meier-Brügger 2003: 219–22</bibl>. Proto-Germanic comparative adverbs regularly ended in uninflected <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_iz_1"><ref target="#pgmc_iz_1">*-iz¹</ref></mentioned> or <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ōz</mentioned>, the corresponding comparative suffixes without the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem extension of adjectival comparatives; compare Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_magis"><ref target="#cog_lat_magis">magis</ref></mentioned>, which preserves the inherited adverbial use of <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-is</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="316, 327">Ringe 2017: 316, 327</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*andi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>end</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>enti</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*andi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*andīsk</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>endisk, entisc</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>entisk, entisc</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*andi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                    <orth>*andiʀī</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old High German</lang>
                      <orth>enterī, enteri</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old High German</lang>
                        <orth>enterisk, entrisk</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                          <orth>enterisch, entrisch</orth>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                            <orth>antrisch, enterisch, entrisch</orth>
                          </form>
                          <form type="descendant">
                            <lang>German</lang>
                            <orth>entrisch</orth>
                          </form>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>endr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>endur</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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