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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *angraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_angraz_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="beekes2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/K7ES6IFT">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10/1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_ankos" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἄγκος</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ánkos</orth>
          </form>
          <def>a bend; hollow; mountain glen; dell; valley</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ancrae" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>ancrae</orth>
          <def>a gorge or ravine</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ankas" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अङ्कस्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>aṅkas</orth>
          </form>
          <def>a bend or curve</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2enk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂enk-</orth>
          <def>curve, bend</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_angraz_1" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/angraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>angraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑŋ.ɡrɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᚷᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>lowland; a low-lying meadow or grassland, especially in a hollow or near water</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Probably from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂enk-ró-s</mentioned>, a *-ró- derivative of the root <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enk">*h₂enk-</ref></mentioned>. Kroonen <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="28" ana="#omit-author">2013: 28</bibl> compares Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_ancrae"><ref target="#cog_lat_ancrae">ancrae</ref></mentioned> &lt; PIE <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂enk-reh₂-</mentioned>, a closely corresponding feminine r-formation. The underlying root is also represented by Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_ankos"><ref target="#cog_grc_ankos">ἄγκος</ref></mentioned> and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_san_ankas"><ref target="#cog_san_ankas">अङ्कस्</ref></mentioned>, formally<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> s</mentioned>-stem derivatives of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enk">*h₂enk-</ref></mentioned> and good evidence for the semantic development from ‘bend, hollow’ to a hollow or low-lying piece of ground <bibl corresp="#beekes2010" n="12–13, s.v. ἀγκύλος c)">Beekes 2010: 12–13, s.v. ἀγκύλος c)</bibl>. Kroonen nevertheless allows an alternative reconstruction<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> *angaza-</mentioned> &lt;<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> *h₂enk-os-o-</mentioned>, a thematicized s-stem based especially on the comparison with Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_ankos"><ref target="#cog_grc_ankos">ἄγκος</ref></mentioned><bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="28">Kroonen 2013: 28</bibl>. See also <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_angijo"><ref target="#pgmc_angijo">*angijō</ref></mentioned>, possibly another Germanic derivative of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enk">*h₂enk-</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>angraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>angrōz, angrōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>angrą</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>angranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>angras, angris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>angrǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>angrai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>angramaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>angrō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>angramiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>angr</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>angrōz, angrōs</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>*angar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>anger</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>angar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>anger</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Anger</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>angar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>anger</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>angr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>anger</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ånger</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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