<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:lang="en" version="4.12.0">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *angwijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_angwijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_got_gaaggwjan" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>gaaggwjan</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to oppress, constrain</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_dum_engen" xml:lang="dum" type="reflex">
          <orth>engen</orth>
          <def>to make narrow</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_non_ongja" xml:lang="non" type="reflex">
          <orth>øngja</orth>
          <def>to make narrow</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_non_ongva" xml:lang="non" type="reflex">
          <orth>øngva</orth>
          <def>to make narrow</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_angwijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/angwijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>angwijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑŋʷ.ɡʷi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᚷᚹᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to make narrow; constrict</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A deadjectival factitive from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_anguz"><ref target="#pgmc_anguz">*anguz</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_i_jana_1"><ref target="#pgmc_i_jana_1">*-(i)janą¹</ref></mentioned>. The reconstruction is directly supported by Gothic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_gaaggwjan"><ref target="#cog_got_gaaggwjan">𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽</ref></mentioned>, Old Norse <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_non_ongja"><ref target="#cog_non_ongja">øngja</ref></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_non_ongva"><ref target="#cog_non_ongva">øngva</ref></mentioned> and Middle Dutch <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_dum_engen"><ref target="#cog_dum_engen">engen</ref></mentioned>, which continue the same Germanic factitive formation <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="28–29, s.v. angwu-">Kroonen 2013: 28–29, s.v. angwu-</bibl> <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="20">Orel 2003: 20</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>angwijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>angwijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>angwijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>angwīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>angwijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>angwī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>angwijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>angwijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>angwīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>angwijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>angwijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>angwijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>angwijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>angwijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>angwijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>angwijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>angwijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>angwijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>angwijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>angwijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>angwijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>angwijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>angwīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>angwijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>angwīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>angwijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>angwijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>angwijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>angwijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>angwijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>angwijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>angwijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>angwidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>angwidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>angwidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>angwidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>angwidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>angwidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>angwidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>angwidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>angwidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>angwidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>angwidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>angwidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>angwidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>angwidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>angwidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>angwidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>angwijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>angwidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>angwijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*angwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*engen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>engen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>engen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*angwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>engan</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*angwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>engen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>engen</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>engen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*angwijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*engian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>engen</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>øngva, øngja</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>öngva, öngja</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌲𐌰𐌰𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌾𐌰𐌽 (gaaggwjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
</TEI>
