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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ankurô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ankurô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="beekes2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/K7ES6IFT">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 10/1)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert</forename>
              <surname>Beekes</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lloyd1988" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/ACDVS4LZ">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch [Old High German dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Albert L.</forename>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Otto</forename>
              <surname>Springer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">Vols. 1–5</biblScope>
              <date>1988</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="weiss2011" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MDYZTV96">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Outline of the historical and comparative grammar of Latin</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michael</forename>
              <surname>Weiss</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Beech Stave Press</publisher>
              <date>2009</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2enk" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂enk-</orth>
          <def>curve, bend</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_ancora" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>ancora</orth>
          <def>anchor</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_ankura" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ἄγκυρα</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ánkūra</orth>
          </form>
          <def>anchor</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_non_akkeri" xml:lang="non" type="reflex">
          <orth>akkeri</orth>
          <def>anchor</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ankuro" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ankurô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ankurô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑŋ.ku.rɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᚲᚢᚱᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>anchor</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Borrowed from Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_ancora"><ref target="#cog_lat_ancora">ancora</ref></mentioned>, itself borrowed from Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_ankura"><ref target="#cog_grc_ankura">ἄγκυρα</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#lloyd1988" n="s.v. anker">Lloyd &amp; Springer 1988: s.v. anker</bibl> <bibl corresp="#weiss2011" n="112">Weiss 2009: 112</bibl>. The loan entered coastal Germanic early through contact with the Romans around the Lower Rhine and North Sea and subsequently spread into Scandinavian, where Old Norse <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_non_akkeri"><ref target="#cog_non_akkeri">akkeri</ref></mentioned> reflects early<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> nk </mentioned>&gt; <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">kk</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#lloyd1988" n="s.v. anker">Lloyd &amp; Springer 1988: s.v. anker</bibl>. Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_ankura"><ref target="#cog_grc_ankura">ἄγκυρα</ref></mentioned> was traditionally connected with PIE <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enk"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enk">*h₂enk-</ref></mentioned>, but Beekes <bibl corresp="#beekes2010" n="13" ana="#omit-author">2010: 13</bibl> regards its -υρα (<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">-ūra</mentioned>) suffix as characteristically Pre-Greek and rejects an inherited Proto-Indo-European formation; its ultimate etymology is therefore uncertain.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>ankurô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>ankuraniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>ankuranų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>ankuranunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>ankuriniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>ankuranǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>ankurini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>ankurammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>ankurinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>ankurammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>ankurô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>ankuraniz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ankurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*ankaro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>anker</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>anker</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>anker</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ankurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ancor, ancer, oncer</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>anker, ancre, aunkir, ankor, ankur, ankir, ancher, ancour, hanker</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>anchor</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>anchor, anker</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ankurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>anker, onker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>anker</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ankurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ankero, anker</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>anker</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Anker</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ankurō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*ankaro</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>anker, ankor, ankar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>akkeri, atkeri</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>anker</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>akkeri</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                    <orth>anker, ankar</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>akkeri, atkeri</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Irish</lang>
                    <orth>ancaire</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Irish</lang>
                      <orth>ancaire</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Manx</lang>
                      <orth>aker</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Scottish Gaelic</lang>
                      <orth>acair</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>akkeri, atkeri</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ankæri</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Estonian</lang>
                      <orth>ankur</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Finnish</lang>
                      <orth>ankkuri</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>ankare, ankar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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