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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *ankwô</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_ankwô</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
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          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert D.</forename>
              <surname>Fulk</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>John Benjamins Publishing Company</publisher>
              <date>2018</date>
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          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Proto-Germanic n-Stems: A Study in Diachronic Morphophonology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Rodopi</publisher>
              <date>2011a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
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          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
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          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</title>
            <editor>
              <forename>James P.</forename>
              <surname>Mallory</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Douglas Q.</forename>
              <surname>Adams</surname>
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            <imprint>
              <publisher>Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers</publisher>
              <date>1997</date>
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          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
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          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Helmut</forename>
              <surname>Rix</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Thomas</forename>
              <surname>Zehnder</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Reiner</forename>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brigitte</forename>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Reichert</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="document" xml:id="jasanoff2002">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">The nom. sg. of Germanic n-stems</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Jay H.</forename>
              <surname>Jasanoff</surname>
            </author>
            <editor>
              <surname>Alfred R. Wedel</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <surname>Hans-Jörg Busch</surname>
            </editor>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Verba et litteræ: Explorations in Germanic languages and German literature</title>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Newark, DE</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Linguatext</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="page">31–46</biblScope>
              <date>2002</date>
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          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Indo-European secondary products terminology and the dating of Proto-Indo-Anatolian</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Tijmen</forename>
              <surname>Pronk</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Journal of Indo-European Studies 49 (1–2)</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">141–170</biblScope>
              <date>2021</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
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      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_unguen" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>unguen</orth>
          <def>fat, grease; ointment</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_imb" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>imb</orth>
          <def>butter</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xcl_awcanem" xml:lang="xcl" type="cognate">
          <orth>աւծանեմ</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>awcanem</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to anoint</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_unguo" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>unguō</orth>
          <def>to anoint, smear</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_anakti" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अनक्ति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>anákti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>smears, anoints</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_prg_anctan" xml:lang="prg" type="cognate">
          <orth>anctan</orth>
          <def>butter</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3engw" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃engʷ-</orth>
          <def>to smear, to anoint</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3engwn_h3ngwens" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃éngʷn̥ ~ *h₃n̥gʷéns</orth>
          <def>fat, butter</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ankwo" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ankwô">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>ankwô</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑŋ.kʷɔːː</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᚲᚹᛟ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">an-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>ointment; salve</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>butter</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*óngʷō</mentioned>, continuing the collective <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₃éngʷō</mentioned> of the Proto-Indo-European neuter <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">n</mentioned>-stem <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3engwn_h3ngwens"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3engwn_h3ngwens">*h₃éngʷn̥ ~ *h₃n̥gʷéns</ref></mentioned>, derived from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3engw"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3engw">*h₃engʷ-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#fulk2018" n="169">Fulk 2018: 169</bibl> <bibl corresp="#jasanoff2002" n="35">Jasanoff 2002: 35</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2011a" n="32">Kroonen 2011a: 32</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="s.v. *ankwan-">Kroonen 2013: s.v. *ankwan-</bibl> <bibl corresp="#pronk2021" n="151–52">Pronk 2021: 151–52</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="120">Ringe 2017: 120</bibl>. The semantic range ‘ointment’ ~ ‘butter’ is old, reflecting the use of fatty substances both as food and for smearing or anointing <bibl corresp="#ref1997" n="24, 382">Mallory &amp; Adams 1997: 24, 382</bibl> <bibl corresp="#pronk2021" n="151–52">Pronk 2021: 151–52</bibl>. Direct nominal cognates are Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_unguen"><ref target="#cog_lat_unguen">unguen</ref></mentioned> and Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_sga_imb"><ref target="#cog_sga_imb">imb</ref></mentioned>; the same root is reflected in Old Armenian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_xcl_awcanem"><ref target="#cog_xcl_awcanem">աւծանեմ</ref></mentioned>, Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_unguo"><ref target="#cog_lat_unguo">unguō</ref></mentioned>, Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_san_anakti"><ref target="#cog_san_anakti">अनक्ति</ref></mentioned>, and, in a different formation <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₃n̥gʷ-tó-s</mentioned>, Old Prussian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_prg_anctan"><ref target="#cog_prg_anctan">anctan</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2011a" n="32">Kroonen 2011a: 32</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="s.v. *ankwan-">Kroonen 2013: s.v. *ankwan-</bibl> <bibl corresp="#ref1997" n="24, 382">Mallory &amp; Adams 1997: 24, 382</bibl>. LIV² instead reconstructs <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂engʷ- </mentioned>on the basis chiefly of Greek evidence and treats the Italic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">o</mentioned>-vocalism as analogical, but the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₃-</mentioned> reconstruction is also used in the more recent treatment by Pronk <bibl corresp="#pronk2021" n="151–52">Pronk 2021: 151–52</bibl> <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="267">Rix et al. 2001: 267</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <note type="Declension">
            <head>Declension</head>
            <p>Likely originally a neuter an-stem, later reclassified as masculine in West Germanic (see Fulk 2018: 169; Pronk 2021: 151–52).</p>
          </note>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #sg">
              <orth>ankwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#nom #pl">
              <orth>ankwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #sg">
              <orth>ankwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#acc #pl">
              <orth>ankwōnō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #sg">
              <orth>ankwiniz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#gen #pl">
              <orth>ankwanǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #sg">
              <orth>ankwini</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#dat #pl">
              <orth>ankwammaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #sg">
              <orth>ankwinē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#instr #pl">
              <orth>ankwammiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #sg">
              <orth>ankwô</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#voc #pl">
              <orth>ankwōnō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ankwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>ancho, anco</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>anke</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Anke</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ankwō</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>*anko</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>anke</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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