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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *anstiz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_anstiz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
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    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="krahe1969" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/6TKE9TIV">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Germanische Sprachwissenschaft III: Wortbildungslehre</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Hans</forename>
              <surname>Krahe</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Wolfgang</forename>
              <surname>Meid</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Walter de Gruyter</publisher>
              <date>1969</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="mees2022" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TBVU3MCD">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">Two difficult forms on the Tune memorial</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1515/ejss-2022-2011</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Bernard</forename>
              <surname>Mees</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">European Journal of Scandinavian Studies</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="volume">52</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="issue">2</biblScope>
              <biblScope unit="page">281-298</biblScope>
              <date>2022a</date>
              <note type="accessed">2026-07-29T16:23:07Z</note>
              <note type="url">https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ejss-2022-2011/html</note>
              <note>ISSN: 2191-9402, 2191-9399</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="rix2001" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TCS87M9Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Helmut</forename>
              <surname>Rix</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Thomas</forename>
              <surname>Zehnder</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Reiner</forename>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brigitte</forename>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Reichert</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="scheungraber2010" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/FNK6H83L">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Die Entwicklung der urindogermanischen Nasalpräsentien im Germanischen</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Corinna</forename>
              <surname>Scheungraber</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität</publisher>
              <date>2010</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="mihaylova2020">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">L’expression de l’amour dans les langues indo-européennes anciennes</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Bilyana</forename>
              <surname>Mihaylova</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Indo-European Linguistics and Classical Philology 24</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">9-23</biblScope>
              <date>2020</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_grc_oninemi" xml:lang="grc" type="cognate">
          <orth>ὀνίνημι</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>onínēmi</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to help, support, be useful; to please, delight</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h3neh2" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₃neh₂-</orth>
          <def>to enjoy</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_anstiz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/anstiz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>anstiz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑn.stiz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᛊᛏᛁᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">feminine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">i-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>favor, grace; affection, love</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A feminine <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">i</mentioned>-stem verbal abstract in <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-(s)ti-</mentioned> related to <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_unnana"><ref target="#pgmc_unnana">*unnaną</ref></mentioned>, whose stem alternation <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ann- ~ *unn-</mentioned> ultimately continues Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3neh2"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h3neh2">*h₃neh₂-</ref></mentioned>; compare Ancient Greek <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_grc_oninemi"><ref target="#cog_grc_oninemi">ὀνίνημι</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="30, 560">Kroonen 2013: 30, 560</bibl> <bibl corresp="#mees2022" n="289–90">Mees 2022a: 289–90</bibl> <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="302–03">Rix et al. 2001: 302–03</bibl> <bibl corresp="#scheungraber2010" n="94–96">Scheungraber 2010: 94–96</bibl>. The origin of the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*s</mentioned> is disputed: <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*anstiz </mentioned>may contain an inherited <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-sti-</mentioned> formation, as explicitly assumed by Mihaylova <bibl corresp="#mihaylova2020" n="16" ana="#omit-author">2020: 16</bibl> (<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₃enh₂-sti</mentioned>), but the sibilant may instead have arisen secondarily where the dental abstract suffix followed geminate <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*nn</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#mees2022" n="289–90">Mees 2022a: 289–90</bibl> <bibl corresp="#krahe1969" n="163–68">Krahe &amp; Meid 1969: 163–68</bibl> <bibl corresp="#scheungraber2010" n="87–90">Scheungraber 2010: 87–90</bibl>. The Greek form supports the PIE root connection but has undergone substantial remodeling <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="302–03">Rix et al. 2001: 302–03</bibl> <bibl corresp="#scheungraber2010" n="94–96">Scheungraber 2010: 94–96</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>anstiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>anstīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>anstį</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>anstinz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>anstīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>anstijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>anstī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>anstimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>anstī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>anstimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>ansti</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>anstīz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ansti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>anst</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ēst, enst</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>anst</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ansti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ǣst, ēst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>este</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>est</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*ansti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>anst</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>anst</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>ást, ǫ́st</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>ast</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>ást</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>ást</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                    <orth>åst</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>åst</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ast</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌽𐍃𐍄𐍃 (ansts)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
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