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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *anþeraz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_anþeraz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="dunkel2014" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/Q3YHENC7">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme</title>
            <author>
              <forename>George E.</forename>
              <surname>Dunkel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">2</biblScope>
              <date>2014</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="fulk2018" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/DLDN5DUK">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Comparative Grammar of the Early Germanic Languages</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Robert D.</forename>
              <surname>Fulk</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>John Benjamins Publishing Company</publisher>
              <date>2018</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="thesis" xml:id="kahl2024" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/775FKAVD">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Diachronic studies in Indo-European degree morphology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Lukas</forename>
              <surname>Kahl</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Cambridge, MA</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Harvard University</publisher>
              <date>2024</date>
              <note type="thesisType">(Doctoral dissertation,</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="mayrhofer1992" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2H76NPI9">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymologisches Wörterbuch Des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Manfred</forename>
              <surname>Mayrhofer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Carl Winter Universitätsverlag</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">1</biblScope>
              <date>1992</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2en_x3" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂én</orth>
          <def>there, yonder, on the other side; otherwise</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_antras" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>añtras</orth>
          <def>second, secondary</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_antara" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अन्तर</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ántara</orth>
          </form>
          <def>different from, distant</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_tero" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-tero-</orth>
          <def>contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_prg_antars" xml:lang="prg" type="cognate">
          <orth>antars</orth>
          <def>second</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2enteros" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂énteros</orth>
          <def>second, other</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h1enteros" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₁énteros</orth>
          <def>inner; what is inside</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_antheraz" type="adj" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/anþeraz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>anþeraz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑn.θe.rɑz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᚦᛖᚱᚨᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>adj</pos>
            <gram type="stem">a-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>second</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>other (of two)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enteros"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enteros">*h₂énteros</ref></mentioned>, from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2en_x3"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2en_x3">*h₂én</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tero"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tero">*-tero-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#dunkel2014" n="28–35">Dunkel 2014: 28–35</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kahl2024" n="52–60, 107">Kahl 2024: 52–60, 107</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="30">Kroonen 2013: 30</bibl>. The formation originally designated one member of a pair in opposition to the other, hence ‘other (of two)’ and secondarily the ordinal ‘second’; <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tero"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_tero">*-tero-</ref></mentioned> formations independently replaced the inherited ordinal in several Indo-European branches <bibl corresp="#kahl2024" n="12, n. 13">Kahl 2024: 12, n. 13</bibl>. Cognate with Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lit_antras"><ref target="#cog_lit_antras">añtras</ref></mentioned>, Old Prussian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_prg_antars"><ref target="#cog_prg_antars">antars</ref></mentioned>, and Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_san_antara"><ref target="#cog_san_antara">अन्तर</ref></mentioned>, the latter reflecting a merger with distinct <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1enteros"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h1enteros">*h₁énteros</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#fulk2018" n="233">Fulk 2018: 233</bibl> <bibl corresp="#mayrhofer1992" n="76–77">Mayrhofer 1992: 76–77</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <note type="Declension">
            <head>Declension</head>
            <p>This adjective only has a Strong declension.</p>
          </note>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #sg #masc">
              <orth>anþeraz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #sg #fem">
              <orth>anþerō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #sg #neut">
              <orth>anþerą, -at(ō)</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #pl #masc">
              <orth>anþerai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #pl #fem">
              <orth>anþerôz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #nom #pl #neut">
              <orth>anþerō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #sg #masc">
              <orth>anþeranǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #sg #fem">
              <orth>anþerǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #sg #neut">
              <orth>anþerą, -at(ō)</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #pl #masc">
              <orth>anþeranz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #pl #fem">
              <orth>anþerōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #acc #pl #neut">
              <orth>anþerō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #sg #masc">
              <orth>anþeras, anþiris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #sg #fem">
              <orth>anþeraizōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #sg #neut">
              <orth>anþeras, anþiris</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #pl #masc">
              <orth>anþeraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #pl #fem">
              <orth>anþeraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #gen #pl #neut">
              <orth>anþeraizǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #sg #masc">
              <orth>anþerammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #sg #fem">
              <orth>anþeraizōi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #sg #neut">
              <orth>anþerammai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #pl #masc">
              <orth>anþeraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #pl #fem">
              <orth>anþeraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #dat #pl #neut">
              <orth>anþeraimaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #sg #masc">
              <orth>anþeranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #sg #fem">
              <orth>anþeranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #sg #neut">
              <orth>anþeranō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #pl #masc">
              <orth>anþeraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #pl #fem">
              <orth>anþeraimiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#strong #instr #pl #neut">
              <orth>anþeraimiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*anþar, *ą̄þar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ander</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ander</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>anger</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>West Flemish</lang>
                        <orth>aajer</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*anþar, *ą̄þar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>ander</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>ander</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>ander</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Afrikaans</lang>
                          <orth>ander</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*anþar, *ą̄þar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ōþer, ander-</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>other</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>other</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>uther, ither</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*anþar, *ą̄þar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>ōther, ōr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>uur, our</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>oar</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*anþar, *ą̄þar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>andar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>ander, andere</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>anderer, ander</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>aner</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>אַנדער (ander)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*anþar, *ą̄þar</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>ōthar, āther, āthar, andar</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>âr, ander, ender, enger</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>anner, ander, anger</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚨᚦᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*aþaraʀ), *ᚨᚾᚦᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*anþaraʀ), annarr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>annarr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Faroese</lang>
                      <orth>annar, aðrar</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                      <orth>annar</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>annan</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚨᚦᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*aþaraʀ), *ᚨᚾᚦᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*anþaraʀ), annarr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>annarr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                      <orth>annær, annæn</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>anden</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                        <orth>annen</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Norse</lang>
                  <orth>*ᚨᚦᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*aþaraʀ), *ᚨᚾᚦᚨᚱᚨᛉ (*anþaraʀ), annarr</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                    <orth>annarr</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>annar</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>annan, andra, annor</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌰𐍂 (anþar)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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