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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *anþijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_anþijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="rix2001" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/TCS87M9Q">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Helmut</forename>
              <surname>Rix</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Martin</forename>
              <surname>Kümmel</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Thomas</forename>
              <surname>Zehnder</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Reiner</forename>
              <surname>Lipp</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Brigitte</forename>
              <surname>Schirmer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Wiesbaden</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Reichert</publisher>
              <date>2001</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_san_aniti" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>अनिति</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ániti</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to breathe, live</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2enh1" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂enh₁-</orth>
          <def>to breathe</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_oroth" xml:lang="ang" type="reflex">
          <orth>oroþ</orth>
          <def>breath, exhalation</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_txb_anask" xml:lang="txb" type="cognate">
          <orth>anāsk-</orth>
          <def>to inhale</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ang_ethian" xml:lang="ang" type="reflex">
          <orth>ēþian</orth>
          <def>to breathe</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_anthijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/anþijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>anþijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑn.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᚦᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to breathe</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_antha"><ref target="#pgmc_antha">*anþą</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_i_jana_1"><ref target="#pgmc_i_jana_1">*-(i)janą¹</ref></mentioned>, forming a denominal Weak class 1 verb. The base <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_antha"><ref target="#pgmc_antha">*anþą</ref></mentioned> continues Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂enh₁-to-m</mentioned>, from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enh1"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enh1">*h₂enh₁-</ref></mentioned>; compare Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_san_aniti"><ref target="#cog_san_aniti">अनिति</ref></mentioned> and Tocharian B <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_txb_anask"><ref target="#cog_txb_anask">anāsk-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#rix2001" n="267–68">Rix et al. 2001: 267–68</bibl>. Kroonen <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="27" ana="#omit-author">2013: 27</bibl> derives Old English <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_ethian"><ref target="#cog_ang_ethian">ēþian</ref></mentioned> from <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*anþijaną</mentioned>, beside Old English <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ang_oroth"><ref target="#cog_ang_oroth">oroþ</ref></mentioned> &lt; <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_uzantha"><ref target="#pgmc_uzantha">*uzanþą</ref></mentioned>. Compare <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_anana"><ref target="#pgmc_anana">*ananą</ref></mentioned>, the inherited primary verb from the same PIE root.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>anþijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>anþijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>anþijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>anþīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>anþijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>anþī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>anþijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>anþijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>anþīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>anþijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>anþijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>anþijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>anþijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>anþijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>anþijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>anþijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>anþijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>anþijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>anþijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>anþijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>anþijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>anþijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>anþīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>anþijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>anþīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>anþijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>anþijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>anþijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>anþijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>anþijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>anþijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>anþijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>anþidǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>anþidēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>anþidēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>anþidēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>anþidē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>anþidēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>anþidēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>anþidēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>anþidēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>anþidēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>anþidēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>anþidēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>anþidēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>anþidēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>anþidēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>anþidēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>anþijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>anþidaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>anþijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*anþijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>ēþian, ōþian</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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