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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *anþiją</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_anþiją</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="bookSection" xml:id="van_sluis2023" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/89QDAVX8">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">European Prehistory between Celtic and Germanic: The Celto-Germanic Isoglosses Revisited</title>
            <idno type="DOI">10.1017/9781009261753.018</idno>
            <author>
              <forename>Paulus</forename>
              <surname>van Sluis</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Anders Richardt</forename>
              <surname>Jørgensen</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <editor>
              <forename>Kristian</forename>
              <surname>Kristiansen</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </editor>
            <editor>
              <forename>Eske</forename>
              <surname>Willerslev</surname>
            </editor>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">The Indo-European Puzzle Revisited</title>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Cambridge University Press</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="page">193-244</biblScope>
              <date>2023</date>
              <note type="accessed">2026-07-31T23:07:59Z</note>
              <note type="url">https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009261753%23CN-bp-13/type/book_part</note>
              <note>ISBN: 978-1-009-26175-3 978-1-009-26174-6 978-1-009-26172-2</note>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="kroonen2013" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/MPLRUGJF">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 11)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Guus</forename>
              <surname>Kroonen</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2013</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="de_vaan2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/D3FJ3Q59">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 7)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Michiel</forename>
              <surname>de Vaan</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ent" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂ent-</orth>
          <def>face; forehead; front</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2enti" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂énti</orth>
          <def>opposite, in front</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lit_antis" xml:lang="lit" type="cognate">
          <orth>ántis</orth>
          <def>duck, mallard</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hit_ha_an_za_hants" xml:lang="hit" type="cognate">
          <orth>𒄩𒀭𒍝</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>ḫa-an-za /ḫants/</orth>
          </form>
          <def>in front, forehead</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_antiae" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>antiae</orth>
          <def>forelocks</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_sga_etan" xml:lang="sga" type="cognate">
          <orth>étan</orth>
          <def>forehead</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_txb_ante" xml:lang="txb" type="cognate">
          <orth>ānte</orth>
          <def>surface, forehead</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ent_s_h2nt_es" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂ént-s ~ *h₂n̥t-és</orth>
          <def>forehead, front</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_hlu_hant" xml:lang="hlu" type="cognate">
          <orth>𔐚</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>hant-</orth>
          </form>
          <def>face, forehead</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_xto_ant" xml:lang="xto" type="cognate">
          <orth>ant</orth>
          <def>surface, forehead</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_anthija" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/anþiją">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>anþiją</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑn.θi.jɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᚦᛁᛃᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>forehead</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">From Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂énti-o-m</mentioned>, built to the locative <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enti"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2enti">*h₂énti</ref></mentioned> of the PIE root noun <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ent_s_h2nt_es"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ent_s_h2nt_es">*h₂ént-s ~ *h₂n̥t-és</ref></mentioned>, from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ent"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ent">*h₂ent-</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#de_vaan2008" n="45">de Vaan 2008: 45</bibl> <bibl corresp="#kroonen2013" n="31">Kroonen 2013: 31</bibl>. The root accent is required to produce Proto-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*þ</mentioned> (compare related <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_andijaz"><ref target="#pgmc_andijaz">*andijaz</ref></mentioned> &lt; post-PIE <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂antíos</mentioned> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="157">Ringe 2017: 157</bibl> with oxytone accent). Cognate or closely related forms include Lithuanian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lit_antis"><ref target="#cog_lit_antis">ántis</ref></mentioned>, Latin <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_lat_antiae"><ref target="#cog_lat_antiae">antiae</ref></mentioned>, and Old Irish <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_sga_etan"><ref target="#cog_sga_etan">étan</ref></mentioned>. The anatomical sense is also found in Hittite <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_hit_ha_an_za_hants"><ref target="#cog_hit_ha_an_za_hants">𒄩𒀭𒍝</ref></mentioned>, Hieroglyphic Luwian <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_hlu_hant"><ref target="#cog_hlu_hant">𔐚</ref></mentioned>, Tocharian A <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_xto_ant"><ref target="#cog_xto_ant">ant</ref></mentioned> and Tocharian B <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_txb_ante"><ref target="#cog_txb_ante">ānte</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#van_sluis2023" n="235">van Sluis et al. 2023: 235</bibl>. Compare also <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_umbi"><ref target="#pgmc_umbi">*umbi</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>anþiją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>anþijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>anþiją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>anþijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>anþijas, anþīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>anþijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>anþijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>anþijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>anþijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>anþijamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>anþiją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>anþijō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>andi, endi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>ende, einde</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>enni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Elfdalian</lang>
                    <orth>enne</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>enni</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>enni</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>enni</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>ænne</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>änne</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-Finnic</lang>
                  <orth>*oncca</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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