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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-aną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aną_1</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_deh3_no_m" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*déh₃-no-m</orth>
          <def>gift</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_donum" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>donum</orth>
          <def>gift, present; offering sacrifice</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ana" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>-अन</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-ana</orth>
          </form>
          <def type="function">forms masculine agent nouns and various types of neuter nouns</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_danam" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>दान॑म्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>dā́nam</orth>
          </form>
          <def>gift, alms, donation; generosity, giving</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ana_1" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-aną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-aną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">verb</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms infinitive of strong verbs</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Originally a verbal noun formation, from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-o-no-m</mentioned>, from <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-o- </mentioned>(thematic vowel) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*</mentioned>‑<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">no</mentioned>‑<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">m</mentioned> (neuter verbal noun suffix). Compare Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_danam"><ref target="#cog_san_danam">दान॑म्</ref></mentioned> and Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_donum"><ref target="#cog_lat_donum">donum</ref></mentioned> from PIE <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_deh3_no_m"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_deh3_no_m">*déh₃-no-m</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="209">Ringe 2017: 209</bibl>. The few athematic verbs in Proto-Germanic used the suffix without the thematic vowel, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ną</mentioned> (compare <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_beuna"><ref target="#pgmc_beuna">*beuną</ref></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_gana"><ref target="#pgmc_gana">*gāną</ref></mentioned>). Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ana"><ref target="#cog_san_ana">-अन</ref></mentioned>. </seg>
          </etym>
          <note type="Conjugation">
            <head>Conjugation</head>
            <p>This suffix was no longer productive in Proto-Germanic. Strong verbs consist of four principal parts: the present stem (1), the past (preterite) indicative singular stem (2), the past (preterite) subjunctive and indicative plural stem (3), and the past participle (4). The seven strong verb classes differ in how their principal parts are formed.</p>
          </note>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>1 -ō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>1 -aų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>1 -izi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>1 -aiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>1 -</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>1 -idi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>1 -ai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>1 -adau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>1 -ōz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>1 -aiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>1 -adiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>1 -aidiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>1 -adiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>1 -amaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>1 -aim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>1 -id</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>1 -aid</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>1 -id</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>1 -andi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>1 -ain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>1 -andau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>1 -ai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>1 -azai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>1 -aizau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>1 -adai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>1 -aidau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>1 -andai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>1 -aindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>1 -andai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>1 -aindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>1 -andai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>1 -aindau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>2 -</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>3 -į̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>2 -t</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>3 -īz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>2 -</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>3 -ī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>3 -ū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>3 -īw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>3 -udiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>3 -īdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>3 -um</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>3 -īm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>3 -ud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>3 -īd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>3 -un</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>3 -īn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>-aną</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>3 -andz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>4-anaz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-an</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>-an</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-an</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-an</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>-en (obsolete)</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>-en, -in</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-an</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-a</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-e</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-e</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-e</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-an</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-an</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>-e</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>-n</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>-e</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>-en, -n</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxembourgish</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>-e</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>־ן (-n)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-an</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>-an</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-a</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>-a</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>-a</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>-a</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>-a</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-a</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>-e</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>-e</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌰𐌽 (-an)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
  </text>
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