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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *-aną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_aną_2</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="ringe2017" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/JNX9KYWA">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English, 2nd edition)</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Don</forename>
              <surname>Ringe</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <pubPlace>Oxford</pubPlace>
              <publisher>Oxford University Press</publisher>
              <date>2017</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_deh3_no_m" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*déh₃-no-m</orth>
          <def>gift</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_lat_donum" xml:lang="lat" type="cognate">
          <orth>donum</orth>
          <def>gift, present; offering sacrifice</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_ana" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>-अन</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>-ana</orth>
          </form>
          <def type="function">forms masculine agent nouns and various types of neuter nouns</def>
        </item>
        <item xml:id="cog_san_danam" xml:lang="san" type="cognate">
          <orth>दान॑म्</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>dā́nam</orth>
          </form>
          <def>gift, alms, donation; generosity, giving</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_ana_2" type="suffix" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-aną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>-aną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>suffix</pos>
            <gram type="suffixType">verb</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1" type="function">
            <def>forms infinitive of preterite-present verbs</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">Originally a verbal noun formation, from Proto-Indo-European<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> *-o-no-m</mentioned>, from <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-o- </mentioned>(thematic vowel) + <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*</mentioned>‑<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">no</mentioned>‑<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">m</mentioned> (neuter verbal noun suffix). Compare Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_danam"><ref target="#cog_san_danam">दान॑म्</ref></mentioned> and Latin <mentioned xml:lang="lat" target="#cog_lat_donum"><ref target="#cog_lat_donum">donum</ref></mentioned> from PIE <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_deh3_no_m"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_deh3_no_m">*déh₃-no-m</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#ringe2017" n="209">Ringe 2017: 209</bibl>. The few athematic verbs in Proto-Germanic used the suffix without the thematic vowel, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-ną</mentioned> (compare <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_beuna"><ref target="#pgmc_beuna">*beuną</ref></mentioned>, <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_gana"><ref target="#pgmc_gana">*gāną</ref></mentioned>). Cognate with Sanskrit <mentioned xml:lang="san" target="#cog_san_ana"><ref target="#cog_san_ana">-अन</ref></mentioned>. </seg>
          </etym>
          <note type="Conjugation">
            <head>Conjugation</head>
            <p>Preterite-present verbs consist of three principal parts: the present singular indicative stem (2), the sub-junctive and indicative plural present stem (3), and the past stem (5).</p>
          </note>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>2 -</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>3 -į̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>2 -t</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>3 -īz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>2 -</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>3 -ī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>3 -ū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>3 -īw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>3 -udiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>3 -īdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>3 -um</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>3 -īm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>3 -ud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>3 -īd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>3 -un</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>3 -īn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #du">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>-</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>5 -ǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>5 -ēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>5 -ēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>5 -ēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>5 -ē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>5 -ēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>5 -ēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>5 -ēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>5 -ēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>5 -ēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>5 -ēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>5 -ēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>5 -ēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>5 -ēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>5 -ēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>5 -ēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>3-andz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>5-az</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>-aną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-an</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>-an</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-an</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>-an</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>-en (obsolete)</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Middle Scots</lang>
                        <orth>-en, -in</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-an</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>-a</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>North Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-e</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-e</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                      <orth>-e</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-an</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>-an</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>-e</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>-n</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Central Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>-e</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>East Central German</lang>
                        <orth>-en, -n</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Luxem-bourgish</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Rhine Franconian</lang>
                        <orth>-e</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>־ן (-n)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*-an</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>-an</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>-en</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>-en</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-a</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Faroese</lang>
                    <orth>-a</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>-a</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                    <orth>-a</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>-a</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>-a</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Danish</lang>
                    <orth>-e</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Bokmål</lang>
                      <orth>-e</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>-𐌰𐌽 (-an)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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