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    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *apluz</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_apluz</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="wodtko2008" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/2NHD8WYN">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Dagmar S.</forename>
              <surname>Wodtko</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Britta</forename>
              <surname>Irslinger</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Carolin</forename>
              <surname>Schneider</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Universitätsverlag Winter</publisher>
              <date>2008</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="journalArticle" xml:id="stifter2019">
          <analytic>
            <title level="a">An apple a day…</title>
            <author>
              <forename>David</forename>
              <surname>Stifter</surname>
            </author>
          </analytic>
          <monogr>
            <title level="j">Indogermanische Forschungen 124(1)</title>
            <imprint>
              <biblScope unit="page">171–218</biblScope>
              <date>2019</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_h2ebol" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*h₂ébōl</orth>
          <def>apple</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_apluz" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/apluz">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>apluz</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑp.luz</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᛈᛚᚢᛉ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">masculine</gram>
            <gram type="stem">u-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>alternative u-stem form of *aplaz (‘apple, fruit’)</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A secondary u-stem variant of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_aplaz"><ref target="#pgmc_aplaz">*aplaz</ref></mentioned>, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ebol"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_h2ebol">*h₂ébōl</ref></mentioned>; see <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_aplaz"><ref target="#pgmc_aplaz">*aplaz</ref></mentioned> for the full Indo-European etymology. The Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">u</mentioned>-stem probably arose through reanalysis of the inherited consonant-stem accusative singular, <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*h₂ebolm̥</mentioned> &gt; pre-Germanic <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*ablm̥ </mentioned>&gt; <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*aplum</mentioned>, whose final <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-um</mentioned> was interpreted as a <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">u</mentioned>-stem formation; the <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">u</mentioned>-stem was then extended analogically through the paradigm <bibl corresp="#stifter2019" n="197">Stifter 2019: 197</bibl> <bibl corresp="#wodtko2008" n="262–66">Wodtko et al. 2008: 262–66</bibl>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>apluz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>apliwiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>aplų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>aplunz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>aplauz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>apliwǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>apliwi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>aplumaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>aplū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>aplumiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>aplu</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>apliwiz</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*applu, *apl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*appel, ephela, apheles</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>appel, āpel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>appel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Limburgish</lang>
                        <orth>Ape̩l, appel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*applu, *apl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old English</lang>
                    <orth>æppel, apl, appel, æppyl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle English</lang>
                      <orth>appel, apple, appyl, appyll, appil, appill, appell, eppel, appul, appull, appulle, eappel, æppel, æpple</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>English</lang>
                        <orth>apple</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Scots</lang>
                        <orth>aipple</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*applu, *apl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>appel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Saterland Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>Apel, Appel</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>West Frisian</lang>
                    <orth>apel, appel</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*applu, *apl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>apful, aphul, apfol, afful, *appul</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>apfel, epfel, öpfel, appel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Alemannic German</lang>
                        <orth>Öpfel, Apfel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>Åpfe</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>Apfel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>עפּל (epl)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*applu, *apl</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>appel, appul, apl</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>appel</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>Appel</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Plautdietsch</lang>
                        <orth>Aupel</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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