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  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *arbaidijaną</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-01"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_arbaidijaną</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lehmann1986a" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/SV2QGL7V">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Gothic Etymological Dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Winfred P.</forename>
              <surname>Lehmann</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>1986a</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_got_arbaidjan" xml:lang="got" type="reflex">
          <orth>𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽</orth>
          <form type="translit">
            <orth>arbaidjan</orth>
          </form>
          <def>to work, toil</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_arbaidijana" type="verb" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaidijaną">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>arbaidijaną</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑr.βɑi̯.ði.jɑ.nɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚱᛒᚨᛁᛞᛁᛃᚨᚾᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>verb</pos>
            <gram type="class">Weak class 1</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>to work, labor, toil</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A denominal Weak class 1 verb from <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_arbaidiz"><ref target="#pgmc_arbaidiz">*arbaidiz</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_i_jana_1"><ref target="#pgmc_i_jana_1">*-(i)janą¹</ref></mentioned>. Directly reflected by Gothic <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_got_arbaidjan"><ref target="#cog_got_arbaidjan">𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽</ref></mentioned> <bibl corresp="#lehmann1986a" n="s.v. arbaiþs">Lehmann 1986a: s.v. arbaiþs</bibl>. For the deeper etymology, see <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_arbaidiz"><ref target="#pgmc_arbaidiz">*arbaidiz</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidijaų</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidīsi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidijais</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidijasai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidijaisau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidīþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidijaþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidijaþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #sg">
              <orth>arbaidijaiþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>arbaidijōs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #du">
              <orth>arbaidijaiw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>arbaidijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>arbaidijaiþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #du">
              <orth>arbaidijaþiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p1 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidijaim</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p1 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidijaiþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p2 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidīþ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p2 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidijanþi</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidijain</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #imper #act #p3 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidijanþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #ind #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidijanþai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pres #subj #pass #p3 #pl">
              <orth>arbaidijainþau</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #sg">
              <orth>arbaididǭ</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #sg">
              <orth>arbaididēdį̄</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #sg">
              <orth>arbaididēz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #sg">
              <orth>arbaididēdīz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #sg">
              <orth>arbaididē</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #sg">
              <orth>arbaididēdī</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #du">
              <orth>arbaididēdū</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #du">
              <orth>arbaididēdīw</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #du">
              <orth>arbaididēdudiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #du">
              <orth>arbaididēdīdiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p1 #pl">
              <orth>arbaididēdum</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p1 #pl">
              <orth>arbaididēdīm</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p2 #pl">
              <orth>arbaididēdud</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p2 #pl">
              <orth>arbaididēdīd</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #ind #p3 #pl">
              <orth>arbaididēdun</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#past #subj #p3 #pl">
              <orth>arbaididēdīn</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="present">
              <orth>arbaidijandz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="participle" subtype="past">
              <orth>arbaididaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="infinitive">
              <orth>arbaidijaną</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*arbaidijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>*arveiden, *arbeiden, arvithen</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                      <orth>arbeiden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Dutch</lang>
                        <orth>arbeiden</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*arbaidijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old High German</lang>
                    <orth>arabeiten, arbeiten</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                      <orth>arebeiten, arbeiten</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Bavarian</lang>
                        <orth>arwadn, arweddn, oaweddn, oaweitn, oaweidn, orbeita</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>German</lang>
                        <orth>arbeiten</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Kölsch</lang>
                        <orth>arbigge</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Yiddish</lang>
                        <orth>אַרבעטן (arbetn)</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*arbaidijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>arvēdian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>arbeiden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Danish</lang>
                        <orth>arbejde</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Faroese</lang>
                        <orth>arbeiða</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Low German</lang>
                        <orth>arbeiden, arbaiden</orth>
                      </form>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Norwegian</lang>
                        <orth>arbeide, arbeida</orth>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Proto-West Germanic</lang>
                  <orth>*arbaidijan</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                    <orth>arvēdian</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                      <orth>arbeiden</orth>
                      <form type="descendant">
                        <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                        <orth>arbeida, arbeta</orth>
                        <form type="descendant">
                          <lang>Swedish</lang>
                          <orth>arbeta</orth>
                        </form>
                      </form>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Gothic</lang>
                  <orth>𐌰𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (arbaidjan)</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
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