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      <titleStmt>
        <title type="main">Wurdahuzdą: Proto-Germanic dictionary — *arbaidiją</title>
        <author>Scott K. Shay</author>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <publisher>Wardja Press</publisher>
        <date when="2026-10-02"/>
        <idno type="URL">https://protogermanic.org/pgmc_arbaidiją</idno>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p>Single-entry extract from the dictionary. Cross-references to other entries point to their identifiers in the full dictionary.</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="lloyd1988" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/ACDVS4LZ">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">Althochdeutsches Wörterbuch [Old High German dictionary</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Albert L.</forename>
              <surname>Lloyd</surname>
            </author>
            <author>
              <forename>Otto</forename>
              <surname>Springer</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht</publisher>
              <biblScope unit="volume">Vols. 1–5</biblScope>
              <date>1988</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
        <biblStruct xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" type="book" xml:id="orel2003" corresp="http://zotero.org/users/21108209/items/U6EVGQ9E">
          <monogr>
            <title level="m">A Handbook of Germanic Etymology</title>
            <author>
              <forename>Vladimir</forename>
              <surname>Orel</surname>
            </author>
            <imprint>
              <publisher>Brill</publisher>
              <date>2003</date>
            </imprint>
          </monogr>
        </biblStruct>
      </listBibl>
      <list type="cognates">
        <item xml:id="cog_ine-x-proto_yo_s" xml:lang="ine-x-proto" type="etymon">
          <orth>*-yó-s</orth>
          <def type="function">belonging to, connected with</def>
        </item>
      </list>
      <div type="dictionary">
        <entry xml:id="pgmc_arbaidija" type="noun" corresp="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arbaidiją">
          <form type="lemma">
            <orth>arbaidiją</orth>
            <pron notation="ipa">ˈɑr.βɑi̯.ði.jɑ̃</pron>
            <form type="runic">
              <orth>ᚨᚱᛒᚨᛁᛞᛁᛃᚨ</orth>
            </form>
          </form>
          <gramGrp>
            <pos>noun</pos>
            <gram type="gender">neuter</gram>
            <gram type="stem">ja-stem</gram>
          </gramGrp>
          <sense n="1">
            <def>toil, labor, work</def>
          </sense>
          <sense n="2">
            <def>hardship, trouble</def>
          </sense>
          <etym>
            <seg type="p">A neuter<mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto"> ja</mentioned>-stem derivative of <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_arbaidiz"><ref target="#pgmc_arbaidiz">*arbaidiz</ref></mentioned> + <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_i_ja"><ref target="#pgmc_i_ja">*-(i)ją</ref></mentioned>, here forming an abstract noun with essentially the same meaning as its base. The suffix continues Proto-Indo-European <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-yó-m</mentioned>, the neuter of the widespread relational/adjectival suffix <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#cog_ine-x-proto_yo_s"><ref target="#cog_ine-x-proto_yo_s">*-yó-s</ref></mentioned>; the allomorph <mentioned xml:lang="gmw-x-proto">*-iją</mentioned> is expected after the heavy syllable by Sievers’ Law  <bibl corresp="#lloyd1988" n="sv.v. arbeiti, arbeit">Lloyd &amp; Springer 1988: sv.v. arbeiti, arbeit</bibl> <bibl corresp="#orel2003" n="s.v. arƀaiđjan">Orel 2003: s.v. arƀaiđjan</bibl>. For the deeper etymology, see <mentioned xml:lang="" target="#pgmc_arbaidiz"><ref target="#pgmc_arbaidiz">*arbaidiz</ref></mentioned>.</seg>
          </etym>
          <re type="paradigm">
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #nom">
              <orth>arbaidiją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #nom">
              <orth>arbaidijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #acc">
              <orth>arbaidiją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #acc">
              <orth>arbaidijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #gen">
              <orth>arbaidijas, arbaidīs</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #gen">
              <orth>arbaidijǫ̂</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #dat">
              <orth>arbaidijai</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #dat">
              <orth>arbaidijamaz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #instr">
              <orth>arbaidijō</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #instr">
              <orth>arbaidijamiz</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#sg #voc">
              <orth>arbaidiją</orth>
            </form>
            <form type="inflected" ana="#pl #voc">
              <orth>arbaidijō</orth>
            </form>
          </re>
          <re type="descendants">
            <list>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old English</lang>
                  <orth>earfoþ</orth>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Dutch</lang>
                  <orth>arbeiti, arvit, arbeit</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Dutch</lang>
                    <orth>arbeit</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old High German</lang>
                  <orth>arbeiti</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle High German</lang>
                    <orth>arbeit, arebeit, erbeit, erebeit</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>German</lang>
                      <orth>Arbeit</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Saxon</lang>
                  <orth>arbēdi, arvedi</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Middle Low German</lang>
                    <orth>arbêt, arbeit</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Norwegian Nynorsk</lang>
                      <orth>arbeid</orth>
                    </form>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>arbete</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>erfiði, erfaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Icelandic</lang>
                    <orth>erfiði</orth>
                  </form>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Danish</lang>
                    <orth>æruæthæ</orth>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
              <item>
                <form type="descendant">
                  <lang>Old Norse</lang>
                  <orth>erfiði, erfaði</orth>
                  <form type="descendant">
                    <lang>Old Swedish</lang>
                    <orth>arvoþe, ærviþi</orth>
                    <form type="descendant">
                      <lang>Swedish</lang>
                      <orth>arvode</orth>
                    </form>
                  </form>
                </form>
              </item>
            </list>
          </re>
        </entry>
      </div>
    </body>
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